What must health care practitioners acquire a working knowledge of and a tolerance for?

  1. Horton R. A new epoch for health professionals’ education. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):1875–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62008-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ghaffar A, Zaidi S, Qureshi H, et al. Medical education and research in Pakistan. Lancet. 2013;381(9885):2234–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60146-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Crisp N, Chen L. Global supply of health professionals. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(10):950–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. WHO. Global strategy on human resources for health: workforce 2030. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kanchanachitra C, Lindelow M, Johnston T, et al. Human resources for health in Southeast Asia: shortages, distributional challenges, and international trade in health services. Lancet. 2011;377(9767):769–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62035-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):1923–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. WHO. A universal truth: no health without a workforce: Global Health Workforce Alliance (GHWA) Secretariat and the World Health Organization (WHO), 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Haque MS, Abdus HA, Islam Z, et al. Comparative study on professionalism of forthcoming medical doctors between two private medical college in Savar, Bangladesh. Int Symp Health Sci. 2013;5(3):659–65.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Leonard KL, Masatu MC. Professionalism and the know-do gap: exploring intrinsic motivation among health workers in Tanzania. Health Econ. 2010;19(12):1461–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1564 Published Online First: 2009/12/05.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Latif MZ, Wajid G. Reforming medical education in Pakistan through strengthening departments of medical education. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(6):1439–44. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.346.15942.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Boelen C, Woollard B. Social accountability and accreditation: a new frontier for educational institutions. J Med Educ. 2009;43(9):887–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hamill H, Hampshire K, Mariwah S, et al. Managing uncertainty in medicine quality in Ghana: the cognitive and affective basis of trust in a high-risk, low-regulation context. Soc Sci Med. 2019;234:112369.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Bateman C, Baker T, Hoornenborg E, et al. Bringing global issues to medical teaching. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1539–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Crisp N. Global health capacity and workforce development: turning the world upside down. Infect Dis Clin. 2011;25(2):359–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. WHO. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  16. WHO. In: Lewis S, editor. Turning plans into actions for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Working Paper 2.0: Implementation and coordination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bloom G, Standing H. Pluralism and marketisation in the health sector: meeting health needs in contexts of social change in low and middle-income countries. Working paper series, 136. IDS: Brighton; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gryseels C, Kuijpers LMF, Jacobs J, et al. When ‘substandard’ is the standard, who decides what is appropriate? Exploring healthcare provision in Cambodia. Crit Public Health. 2019;29(4):460–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2019.1591614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kwan A, Daniels B, Saria V, et al. Variations in the quality of tuberculosis care in urban India: a cross-sectional, standardized patient study in two cities. PLoS Med. 2018;15(9):e1002653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002653.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Suy S, Rego S, Bory S, et al. Invisible medicine sellers and their use of antibiotics: a qualitative study in Cambodia. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(5):e001787. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001787.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Bloom G, Standing H, Lucas H, et al. Making health markets work better for poor people: the case of informal providers. Health Policy Plann. 2011;26(suppl_1):i45–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Irby DM, Hamstra SJ. Parting the clouds: three professionalism frameworks in medical education. Acad Med. 2016;91(12):1606–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Phillips SP, Dalgarno N. Professionalism, professionalization, expertise and compassion: a qualitative study of medical residents. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Irby DM. Constructs of professionalism. Medical professionalism best practices: professionalism in the modern era. Aurora, Colorado: Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society; 2017. p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Monrouxe LV, Rees CE. Healthcare professionalism: improving practice through reflections on workplace dilemmas. Hoboken: Wiley; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119044475.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Wilkinson TJ, Wade WB, Knock LD. A blueprint to assess professionalism: results of a systematic review. Acad Med. 2009;84(5):551–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brody H, Doukas D. Professionalism: a framework to guide medical education. Med Educ Rev. 2014;48(10):980–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lucey CR. Is medical education a public or a private good? Insights from the numbers. J Am Med Assoc. 2017;318(23):2303–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Relman AS. Medicine as a profession and a business. In: The Tanner Lectures on Human Values; 1986. p. 283–313.

    Google Scholar 

  30. General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019. Provisional population totals: National Institute of Statistics and Ministry of Planning; 2019. p. 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Grundy J, Khut QY, Oum S, et al. Health system strengthening in Cambodia-a case study of health policy response to social transition. Health Policy. 2009;92(2–3):107–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.05.001 Published Online First: 2009/06/09.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Zaidi S, Bigdeli M, Aleem N, et al. Access to essential medicines in Pakistan: policy and health systems research concerns. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063515.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. WHO. Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) 2017. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.GHEDOOPSCHESHA2011?lang=en.

    Google Scholar 

  34. WHO. Health Service Delivery Profile Cambodia. Cambodia: WHO and Ministry of Health; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  35. WHO. WHO Global Health Expenditure Database WHO; Available from: http://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en2019. Accessed Nov 2019.

  36. Trankell IB, Ovesen J. French colonial medicine in Cambodia: reflections of governmentality. Anthropol Med. 2004;11(1):91–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364847042000204898.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Millet P, Bounchan Y, Phuong P, et al. Retrospective analysis of medical practice training in French public hospitals of Cambodian medical specialists and pharmacy professionals and students enrolled at the University of Health Sciences of Cambodia between 1996 and 2016. J Medic Educ Train. 2018;2(1). http://www.scientificoajournals.org/medical-education-currentissue.php.

  38. Guillou AY. Medicine in Cambodia during the Pol Pot regime (1975–1979). New York: East Asian Medicine under Communism: A Symposium City University of New York; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Sothy K, Madhur S, Rethy C. Cambodia Education 2015: employment and empowerment. Phnom Penh: Cambodia Development Resource Institute; 2015.

  40. Santini H. Rebirth of the health-care system in Cambodia. Lancet. 2002;360:s57–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11824-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Presentation on Health Sector Achievement in Cambodia in 2018. Conference on Ministry of Health Achievement: Ministry of Health, 2019. http://moh.gov.kh/content/uploads/2017/05/2019_MoH-Final01-Low.pdf.

  42. Amaro Y. Building a medical system without a foundation? The Phnom Penh Post; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Chansy C, Reuy R. Failed medical students protest against examination results. The Cambodia Daily; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Reuy R. Students protest altered admission regulations. The Cambodia Daily; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  45. UHS at a glance: University of Health Sciences; 2015. Available from: http://www.uhs.edu.kh/ir/2019. Accessed Nov 2019.

  46. Council PMD. Recognized Medical Colleges in Pakistan. Available from: http://www.pmdc.org.pk/AboutUs/RecognizedMedicalDentalColleges/tabid/109/Default.aspx2019. Accessed Nov 2019.

  47. Amin Z, Burdick WP, Supe A, et al. Relevance of the Flexner Report to contemporary medical education in South Asia. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):333–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sabzwari SR. The case for family medicine in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65(6):660–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Shaikh SH. A reform agenda outline for medical education. Pak J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19(6):331–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. CPSP. Continuing Medical Education College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; 2019. Available from: https://www.cpsp.edu.pk/cme.php.

    Google Scholar 

  51. O’Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, et al. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rice PL. Qualitative research methods : a health focus/Pranee Liamputtong Rice and Douglas Ezzy. Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Jasani S. Using a one health approach can foster collaboration through transdisciplinary teaching. Medical Teacher. 2019;41(7):839–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Nandiwada DRC, Dang-Vu. Transdisciplinary health care education: training team players. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(1):26–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Biggs JS. Postgraduate medical training in Pakistan: observations and recommendations. J Coll Phys Surg Pak. 2008;18(1):1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Legido-Quigley H, Khan MS, Durrance-Bagale A, et al. Something borrowed, something new: a governance and social construction framework to investigate power relations and responses of diverse stakeholders to policies addressing antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018;8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010003 Published Online First: 2018/12/28.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. de Andrade M, Jafarey A, Shekhani SS, et al. The ethics of pharma–physician relations in Pakistan: “when in Rome”. Ethics Behav. 2019;29(6):473–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2018.1481751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Khan MS, Roychowdhury I, Meghani A, et al. Should performance-based incentives be used to motivate health care providers? Views of health sector managers in Cambodia, China and Pakistan. Health Econ Policy Law. 2019:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744133118000506 Published Online First: 2019/02/01.

  59. Khan MS, Mehboob N, Rahman-Shepherd A, et al. What can motivate Lady Health Workers in Pakistan to engage more actively in tuberculosis case-finding? BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):999. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7326-8 Published Online First: 2019/07/28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Chhea C, Warren N, Manderson L. Health worker effectiveness and retention in rural Cambodia. Rural Remote Health. 2010;10(3):1391 Published Online First: 2010/08/13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Henderson LN, Tulloch J. Incentives for retaining and motivating health workers in Pacific and Asian countries. Hum Resour Health. 2008;6(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-6-18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Mir AM, Shaikh MS, Rashida G, et al. To serve or to leave: a question faced by public sector healthcare providers in Pakistan. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015;13(1):S58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0045-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Khan MS, Hashmani FN. Political and technical barriers to improving quality of health care. Lancet. 2018;392(10160):2146–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32075-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Khan MS, Salve S, Porter JD. Engaging for-profit providers in TB control: lessons learnt from initiatives in South Asia. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(10):1289–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu137 Published Online First: 2015/01/22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Supe A, Burdick W. Challenges and issues in medical education in India. Acad Med. 2006;81(12):1076–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cals JW, Butler CC, Hopstaken RM, et al. Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b1374.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. van der Velden AW, Pijpers EJ, Kuyvenhoven MM, et al. Effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(605):e801–e07.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Knox C. Dealing with sectoral corruption in Bangladesh: developing citizen involvement. Int J Manag Res Pract. 2009;29(2):117–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Pillay P, Mantzaris EA. Corruption in the health sector in South Africa and India: some considerations and reflections. Afr J Public Aff. 2017;9(8):48–62.

    Google Scholar 


Page 2

Components of HCP professionalism