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 While for many infants, a thing out of sight is also out of mind, there is a developmental milestone, called object permanence, that a child reaches when he or she realizes that the object exists even when it can't be seen. The term was coined by child development expert and psychologist Jean Piaget, who believed most children reached this stage when they were about eight or nine months old. All children develop slightly differently, however, and may reach this point earlier or later than others. Piaget studied this milestone by conducting relatively simple tests on infants. He would show an infant or young baby a toy and then cover it with a blanket. A child who had a clear concept of object permanence might reach for the toy or try to grab the blanket off the toy. A child who had not yet reached this stage might appear distressed that the toy had disappeared. Parents, of course, have tested object permanence for years with young babies. Games of peek-a-boo with a three month old are quite delightful because the child will often be pleasantly surprised each time the parent covers her hands with her face and then reappears. According to Piaget's theory, the delight results in the sudden reappearance of the parent, who magically disappeared and came back. Children over five or six months may also hide under blankets and expect that their parents can't possibly find them, since the child cannot see the parent. A lack of understanding of this concept might also explain why children tend not to fuss as much when they are younger and the parent leaves. This is not always the case, however, which may call into question some of Piaget's theories. For instance, studies testing breastfed week-old infants suggest they can easily differentiate between their mother's breast milk and that from another woman. Basing the concept on what can be only visually perceived discounts what can be heard, smelled, or touched. In complete dark, for instance, a baby far too young to have developed object permanence may feel comforted by the touch and smell of a mom sleeping nearby or picking up the baby. The mother exists even before the sight of the mother can be determined, so vision cannot be the only factor guiding this concept. It is clear, however, that as infants begin to expand their visual perception, they may seem quite surprised by the sudden visual disappearance of a beloved toy or person. They may be still able to smell, hear, or sense the missing object, however. This suggests that the infant has more ways of perceiving than were summarized by Piaget in his development and testing of the theory. Tricia has a Literature degree from Sonoma State University and has been a frequent wiseGEEK contributor for many years. She is especially passionate about reading and writing, although her other interests include medicine, art, film, history, politics, ethics, and religion. Tricia lives in Northern California and is currently working on her first novel. Tricia has a Literature degree from Sonoma State University and has been a frequent wiseGEEK contributor for many years. She is especially passionate about reading and writing, although her other interests include medicine, art, film, history, politics, ethics, and religion. Tricia lives in Northern California and is currently working on her first novel. 1 Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge througha) sensation.b) perception.c) facts communicated by others. d) direct motor behavior. d) direct motor behavior. 2 Who was the Swiss developmental researcher whose theory of developmental stageshighly influenced a considerable amount of work on cognitive development?a) Skinnerb) Watsonc) Piaget d) Erikson 3 Piaget’s theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are __________.a) 5; sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational concrete operational, andmaturationb) 4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operationalc) 3; preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operationald) 6; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, assimilation, and accommodation b) 4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational 4 A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions. A. format B. schema C. subset D. system 5 What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes withmental development?a) assimilationb) schemec) accommodation d) skill 6 Jean Piaget believed that children: A. actively construct their own cognitive world. B. passively react to their environments. C. absorb their knowledge from the environment. D. gain their view of the world from their parents. A. actively construct their own cognitive world. 7 Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures calleda) assimilation.b) accommodation.c) schemes. d) memory. 8 Schemes refer to: A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. B. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge. C. groups of behaviors. D. knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences. A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. 9 Mark and Amanda just purchased some new toys for their 4-month-old son, and assoon as they put them in the baby’s crib, the baby immediately tried to put the toys in hismouth, pick up and shake the toys. Piaget would say that this is an example ofa) a scheme.b) assimilation.c) playing. d) accommodation 10 Define schemes. What are the processes of accommodation and assimilation? How are they related to schemes? Schemes are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. According to Piaget, as the infant or child seeks to construct an understanding of the world, the developing brain creates schemes. To explain how children use and adapt their schemes, Piaget offered two concepts: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account. 11 According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of: A. mental schemes. B. mental adaptations. C. behavioral adaptations. D. behavioral schemes. 12 Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____. A. amalgamation B. accommodation C. assimilation D. application 13 While being dressed for bed, 7-month-old Darnell picked up new baby’s comb thathis mother just bought for him. Darnell had never seen this before and didn’t know how it was used, so he tried to put it in his mouth. Piaget might say that Darnell wasa) assimilating the comb into his existing schemes.b) accommodating the comb into his existing schemes.c) adapting the comb into his exiting schemes. d) adapting the comb with secondary circular reactions a) assimilating the comb into his existing schemes. 14 What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process in which people understandan experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way ofthinking?a) schemeb) assimilationc) accommodation d) operational stage 15 Piaget thought that ________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon,perceived, and understood in accordance with existing patterns of thought.a) assimilationb) schemec) accommodation d) learning 16 Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex’smother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels,but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said,“A bird.” Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is demonstrating an example ofa) scheme.b) accommodation.c) object permanence. d) assimilation. 17 Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now, Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme. A. amalgamated B. accommodated C. assimilated D. applied 18 Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of _____. A. accommodation B. assimilation C. amalgamation D. application 19 _____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account. A. Adaptation B. Accommodation C. Assimilation D. Application 20 Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ to fit new information into his existing scheme. A. accommodated B. assimilated C. amalgamated D. applied 21 Piaget used the term _______ to describe changes in existing ways of thinking thatoccur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.a) accommodationb) schemec) preoperational d) assimilation 22 Five-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex’smother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels,but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said,“A bird with a tail.” Considering Piaget’s work, Alex is demonstrating an example ofa) scheme.b) accommodation.c) object permanence. d) assimilation. 23 Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environmentprovides him with a new experience. This is the process ofa) accommodation.b) simple reflexes.c) assimilation. d) secondary circular reactions. 24 Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to ________ that we havewhen we are born.a) inherited abilitiesb) sensesc) neuron and synapse development d) reflexes 25 Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container. When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra sand came from, and how it got into his container. As Trenton continues to try to solve this puzzle, he experiences considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce cognitive change. A. equilibrium; disequilibrium B. adaptation; organization C. classification; modification D. equilibration; categorization A. equilibrium; disequilibrium 26 When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____. A. equilibration B. assimilation C. organization D. amalgamation 27 What is the term for Piaget’s initial major stage of cognitive development, whichcan be broken down into six substages?a) concrete operationalb) preoperationalc) sensorimotor d) formal operational 28 Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____ substages. A. two B. three C. five D. six 29 In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, the first substage is calleda) first habits and primary circular reactions.b) schemes.c) assimilation. d) simple reflexes. 30 Alice who is three weeks old is in the _____ substage of Piaget's sensorimotor development; she will latch on to and suck anything that is touched to her lips. A. simple reflexes B. first habits C. secondary circular reactions D. primary circular reactions 31 Beth normally breastfeeds her baby; however, during the workday Beth’s motherwatches her baby, and the baby must be fed with a bottle. Beth has noticed that herbaby’s approach to being bottle-fed is somewhat different than when the baby is beingbreast-fed. Piaget would say that this is an example ofa) scheme.b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the sensorimotor stage.c) accommodation. d) assimilation. b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the sensorimotor stage. 32 The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the first month after birth. A. first habits and primary circular reactions B. simple reflexes C. secondary circular reactions D. internalization of schemes 33 Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors? A. Conditioned reflexes B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. Simple reflexes D. Coordination of secondary circular reactions 34 Piaget’s Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions occurs for infants inthe age range of ____ to _____ months of age.a) 1; 6b) 2; 8c) 1; 4 d) 4; 8 35 Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh? A. Simple reflexes B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity D. Secondary circular reactions B. First habits and primary circular reactions 36 In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant's main focus remain on his or her own body? A. Coordination of secondary circular reactions B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity D. Secondary circular reactions B. First habits and primary circular reactions 37 Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant’s repetition ofinteresting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant’s own body.a) primary circular reactionsb) circular reactionsc) secondary circular reactions d) tertiary circular reactions a) primary circular reactions 38 The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to about: A. six months of age. B. eight months of age. C. one year of age. D. two years of age. 39 Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby startbuilding cognitive schemes is a process calleda) first habits.b) assimilation.c) a circular reaction. d) accommodation. 40 Piaget’s Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the agerange of ____ months.a) 1–6b) 1–8c) 1–4 d) 4–8 41 In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results? A. First habits and primary circular reactions B. Simple reflexes C. Secondary circular reactions D. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity C. Secondary circular reactions 42 Baby Jimmy’s parent places a brand new rattle in his crib, and Jimmy immediatelypicks it up and tries to mouth the rattle. When it shakes, it makes noise. Jimmyimmediately tries shaking the rattle in different ways to see how the sound changes. Heseems to enjoy this activity. Piaget would say that this is an example ofa) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes.c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions. d) Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions. 43 In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more object-oriented? A. Simple reflexes B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. Secondary circular reactions D. Coordination of secondary circular reactions C. Secondary circular reactions 44 According to the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, which of the following statements about the coordination of secondary circular reactions is NOT true? B. The infant must be able to coordinate vision and touch, hand and eye. C. It develops between 12 and 18 months of age. D. It is marked by intentionality. C. It develops between 12 and 18 months of age. 45 Piaget’s Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions occurs for infants in the age range of _____ months.a) 6 to 8b) 8 to 12c) 4 to 8 d) 5 to 8 46 Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball, rolling it, throwing it, using it to knock over other toys, standing on it, and trying to ride on it. Which of Jean Piaget's substages of the sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel's behavior? A. Primary circular reactions B. Secondary circular reactions C. Coordination of secondary circular reactions D. Tertiary circular reactions D. Tertiary circular reactions 47 Piaget’s Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the agerange of _______ months of age.a) 12–18b) 8–12c) 6–8 d) 12–14 48 What is the term in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage where an infant develops schemesthat include deliberate variations of actions that bring about desirable consequences?a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactionsb) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactionsc) Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions d) Substage 3: Secondary circular reaction b) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions 49 “Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying theposition from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where itfell.” This is an example ofa) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.b) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.c) Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions. d) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions. d) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions. 50 Piaget’s Substage 6: Beginnings of thought stage occurs for children in the agerange of _____ months.a) 12–18b) 18–24c) 8–14 d) 12–14 51 According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6?a) children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seenb) children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate varietyc) children employ goal-directed behavior d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought a) children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen 52 Piaget believed that the _______ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitivedevelopment called the ___________ stage.a) preschool years; operationalb) preschool years; preoperationalc) school years; concrete d) school years; operational b) preschool years; preoperational 53 Piaget believed that children from _______ years of age fall into the _________stage.a) 5 to 7; preoperationalb) 2 to 7; concrete operationalc) 5 to 7; concrete operational d) 2 to 7; preoperational d) 2 to 7; preoperational 54 According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of preoperational stage?a) symbolic functionb) organized, formal, logical mental processesc) increased memory for objects d) increased fine motor skill development 55 Which of the following is the best description of Piaget’s “symbolic function”?a) a child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean somethingb) a child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or object to stand for or represent something that is not physically presentc) a child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes d) a child is able to use his/her imagination b) a child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present 56 Concrete operational thought involves applying _____ to solve problems.a) intuitive reasoningb) intuition or hunchesc) logical operations d) acquired knowledge 57 Piaget proposed that children reach the formal operational stage of development around ____ years of age.a) 8b) 12c) 10 d) 16 58 According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to thinkabstractly is called thea) concrete operational stage.b) preoperational stage.c) formal operational stage. d) theory of mind stage. c) formal operational stage. 59 Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4, which enables the infant torealize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.a) accommodationb) object permanencec) assimilation d) goal-directed behavior 60 Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?a) primary circular reactionsb) reflexesc) secondary circular reactions d) object permanence 61 What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?a) magicb) illusionc) imagination d) object permanence 62 The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called: A. object containment. B. object permanence. C. object availability. D. object continuance 63 Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searches for it. This shows that Heather has developed a sense of _____. A. symbolic manipulation B. infinite generativity C. telegraphic thinking D. object permanence 64 According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6?a) children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seenb) children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate varietyc) children employ goal-directed behavior d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic though d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic though 65 Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is calleda) conservation.b) centration.c) intuitive thought. d) egocentric thought. 66 On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother andfinds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. In this example, Billy is demonstratinga) centration.b) egocentric thought.c) conservation. d) intuitive thought. 67 3-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others, and ignores his mother’s instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. In this example, Randyis demonstratinga) childhood schizophrenia.b) conservation of thought.c) intuitive thought. d) egocentric thought. 68 3-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others, and ignores hismother’s instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. In this example, Randyis demonstratinga) childhood schizophrenia.b) conservation of thought.c) intuitive thought. d) egocentric thought. 69 What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects?a) symbolic functioningb) language acquisitionc) centration d) concrete operations 70 Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. Sheplaces 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably,Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of?a) symbolic functioningb) concrete operationsc) preoperational functioning d) centration 71 At what age does Centration occurs? a) 1,3 b) 3,4 c) 6,7 d) 2, 3 72 What is the term that means the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects? a) concrete operations b) conservation c) centration d) preoperational operations 73 The knowledge that develops in the preschool years that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is called ____________. a) object permanenceb) conservationc) intuitive thought d) centration 74 What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another? a) transformation b) conservation c) centration d) concrete operations 75 If a 4 ½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position, with no other pictures in between to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be demonstrating a lack of a) egocentric thought. b) intuitive thought. c) conservation. d) transformation. 76 According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6? a) children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen b) children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate variety c) children employ goal-directed behavior d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought d) children exhibit the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought 77 Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a(n) a) mental representation. b) memory. c) scheme. d) pretending. a) mental representation. 78 Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of a(n) a) mental manipulation. b) attention. c) mental representation. d) scheme. c) mental representation. 79 Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership of children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools, play groups, and the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society—that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives? a) Piaget b) Vygotsky c) Watson d) Skinner 80 Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems? a) Skinner b) Piaget c) Watson d) Vygotsky 81 Briefly describe criticism of Vygotsky’s theories. Answer: Critics point to the lack of precision in his conceptualization of cognitive growth, such as the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky’s theories do not lend themselves to experimental tests. Vygotsky did not provide information regarding how basic cognitive processes, such as attention and memory, unfold in children, and he did not focus on how individual bits of information are processed and synthesized. 82 The main differences between Piagets theory and Vygotsky. 1. Piaget insisted that learning happens after development while Vygotsky pointed out that learning takes place before development can occur. 2. Piaget did not believe in the significance of inputs that can be acquired from the environment but Vygotsky was confident that kids do acknowledge the inputs from their environment. 3. Piaget’s cognitive development theory has four evident phases. Vygotsky assumed that there are no set of stages at all but only 3 components. 4.Vygotsky believed that development can’t be detached from social context unlike Piaget. 5.Vygotsky claimed that language plays an important role in cognitive development. Piaget only viewed language as a plain milestone in development. 83 The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed toa) Skinner.b) Bandura.c) Vygotsky. d) Bronfenbrenner. 84 Who proposed the sociocultural theory and was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the varied influences that shapedevelopment?a) Rogersb) Bandurac) Vygotsky d) Bronfenbrenner 85 The concept of “reciprocal transaction” is attributed to what developmentalist andtheory?a) Vygotsky; socioculturalb) Freud; psychoanalyticc) Skinner; behavioral d) Rogers; humanistic a) Vygotsky; sociocultural 86 Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential? Answer: The reason is the growing acknowledgment of the importance of cultural factors in development. Children do not develop in a cultural vacuum, and their attention is 87 Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as aresult of ____________ between members of a culture.a) behavior modificationsb) operant conditioningc) social interactions d) classical conditioning 88 Which perspective contains the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’sbioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?a) cognitiveb) humanisticc) behavioral d) contextual 89 Vygotsky believed that that actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils, books, computers, etc.) as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.) are called a) memory aids. b) definition aids. c) cultural tools. d) learning aids. 90 When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves,this is calleda) egocentric speech.b) syntax.c) fast mapping. d) private speech. 91 True or False Private speech is the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others. 92 According to the three-system model, the ______________ is the initial process by whichinformation is very briefly held before further processing.a) working memoryb) short-term memoryc) sensory store d) photographic memory 93 According to the three-system model, it is in the ______________ that thoughtful,deliberate information processing first takes place.a) sensory storeb) short-term memoryc) memory span d) long-term memory 94 When information in memory is held for 15 to 25 seconds, it is calleda) short-term memory.b) sequential memory.c) sensory storage. d) long-term memory. 95 Mary looks at the phone number of her favorite pizza restaurant for a few seconds, and then walks into the other room to call to order. Mary remembers the phone number in its correct sequence. Mary is taking advantage of __________ memory.a) short-termb) sequentialc) sensory d) long-term 96 When a middle school student is able to demonstrate that he/she is able to hear astring of digits (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and then repeat the string in reverse order several secondslater, the child is indicating that he/she is developinga) long-term memory skills.b) working memory.c) rehearsal strategies. d) recall. 97 _____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood. A. Long-term memory; short-term memory B. Short-term memory; long-term memory C. Knowledge; expertise D. Expertise; knowledge B. Short-term memory; long-term memory 98 Compared with other approaches, the information processing approach pays moreattention to ______________.a) social and cultural factors in developmentb) drawing a comprehensive picture of child developmentc) the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities d) interior human processes, such as hopes and aspirations c) the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities 99 When information in memory is rehearsed and stored on a relatively permanentbasis, it is called __________ memory.a) short-termb) sequentialc) sensory d) long-term 100 Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurredprior toa) six months of age.b) 12 months of age.c) 3 years of age. d) 2 years of age. 101 What are the following brain regions associated with? Medial Temporal Lobe Long term memory , hearing 102 What are the following brain regions associated with? Hippocampus Memory (long and short term) , emotions 103 A key brain structure that is often damaged in patients with anterograde amnesia is the This is the correct answer. B) cerebral cortex C) hypothalamus D) amygdala 104 What are the following brain regions associated with? Prefrontal Cortex Think, evaluate, make judgement 105 Your memory of Civil War history is an example of what type of memory? A) working memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) short-term memory 106 Which type of memory is retrieved unconsciously?Example :How to walk A) explicit memory B) implicit memory C) semantic memory D) episodic memory 107 Your ability to use the mouse on computer is an example of what type of memory?Example :Talking A) episodic memory B) explicit memory C) priming D) procedural memory 108 Which type of memory requires conscious thought? Example: naming animals that live in the rain forest. A) explicit memory B) implicit memory C) semantic memory D) episodic memory 109 Which type of memory call facts or events that can be consciously recall? Example: Name you pet growing up. A) explicit memory B) implicit memory C) declarative memory D) episodic memory 110 Which type of memory call facts or events that can be consciously recall? Example: Name you pet growing up. A) explicit memory B) implicit memory C) declarative memory D) episodic memory 111 Conditioning a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events c) the maintenance of material saved in memory d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used a) behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus 112 Storage a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events c) the maintenance of material saved in memory d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used c) the maintenance of material saved in memory 113 Encoding a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events c) the maintenance of material saved in memory d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events 114 Retrieval a)behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent as a result of a desired stimulus b) the process of representing in memory specific features of objects and events c) the maintenance of material saved in memory d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used d) material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used 115 processing speed a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases greatlyb) another source of learning and memory c) repeating info over and over to aid in memory a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases greatly 116 mental strategies a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases greatlyb) another source of learning and memory c) repeating info over and over to aid in memory b) another source of learning and memory 117 Rehearsal a) the speed at which children execute basic processes increases greatlyb)mental strategies - another source of learning and memory c) repeating info over and over to aid in memory c) repeating info over and over to aid in memory 118 selective attention a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development d) grab and explore objects a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal 119 velcro experience a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development d) grab and explore objects d) grab and explore objects 120 dynamic systems theory a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development d) grab and explore objects c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development 121 Planning a)intentionally focusing on info that is relevant to a certain goal b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve c) pervasive emphasis on how children’s specific actions shape their development d) grab and explore objects b) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve 122 Self-organization a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously changing environmentb) the components and their organization change from moment to moment and situation to situationc) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully d) understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously changing environment 123 Metamemory a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously changing environmentb) the components and their organization change from moment to moment and situation to situationc) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully d) understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood d) understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood 124 critical thinking a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously changing environmentb) the components and their organization change from moment to moment and situation to situationc) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully d) understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood c) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully 125 soft assembly a) bringing together components as needed to adapt to a continuously changing environmentb) the components and their organization change from moment to moment and situation to situationc) thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully d) understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood b) the components and their organization change from moment to moment and situation to situation formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered general representation in memory of a sequence or series of events 128 The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis forcommunication, is calleda) sign language.b) talking or speaking.c) language. d) expressiveness. 129 What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?a) morphemeb) phonologyc) letter d) symbol 130 Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing “j,” “v,” “th,” and “zh” sounds, which are examples ofa) metalinguistics.b) phonemes.c) word blends. d) enunciation. 131 What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to producewords and sentences?a) symbolsb) lettersc) alphabet d) phonemes 132 The sound system of a language is referred to as: A) phonology. B) pragmatics. C) semantics. D) syntax. 133 Mary has difficulty sounding out words like "though" and "calendar." Her difficulties lie in which of the following aspects of language? A) phonology B) pragmatics C) semantics D) syntax 134 __________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences.a) Semanticsb) Extensionsc) Phonetics d) Morphemes 135 Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences? A) phonology B) pragmatics C) semantics D) syntax 136 When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called understandinga) metalinguistic skills.b) metacognition.c) syntax. d) phonemes. 137 Edward said to his mother, "The mouse the cat the farmer chased killed at the cheese." After puzzling over this for a bit, Edward's mother said, "Do you mean 'The farmer chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the cheese?'" "Yes," he replied. Edward was having a problem with: A) semantics. B) pragmatics. C) syntax. D) morphology 138 What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can beexpressed?a) egocentric speechb) fast mappingc) private speech d) grammar 139 At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of grammar most of the time?a) 5 yearsb) 3 yearsc) 4 years d) 6 years 140 Which researcher developed the “nativist approach” and the concept of “universal grammar” to explain how children learn their language skills?a) Skinnerb) Bandurac) Chomsky d) Bayley 141 The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________.a) Chomsky; universal grammarb) Chomsky; the nativist approachc) Skinner; the learning theory approach d) Skinner; language-acquisition theory a) Chomsky; universal grammar 142 True or False Grammar is the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed. 143 When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge ofa) pragmatics.b) syntax.c) phonemes. d) metalinguistic awareness 144 When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as “please” and “thank you,” the child is demonstrating knowledge ofa) egocentric speech.b) pragmatics.c) social speech. d) fast mapping. 145 ___________ is the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively andappropriately with other.a) Mappingb) Comprehensionc) Dynamics d) Pragmatics 146 What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?a) morphemeb) phonologyc) letter d) symbol 147 ___________ is a universal phenomenon in which infants spontaneously produce all ofthe sounds from every language.a) Phonemic speechb) Babblingc) Telegraphic speech d) Symbolism 148 holophrastic speech
b. one word utterances that depend on the particular context in which they are used to determine meaning 149 Babbling
a) cultural similarities, deaf children can babble too; making speech like but meaningless sounds; can distinguish it from other languages babbling 150 Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants. A. Crying, babbling, cooing B. Crying, cooing, babbling C. Babbling, crying, cooing D. Cooing, crying, babbling B. Crying, cooing, babbling 151 Kevin loves to say "da, da, da, da" over and over again. What type of communication is Kevin using? A. Crying B. Cooing C. Babbling D. Gesturing 152 telegraphic speech
c) speech in which words not critical to the message are left out 153 "Want ice cream", "Fall down", and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of: A. holophrases. B. repetitive speech patterns. C. telegraphic speech. D. reflexive speech patterns. 154 underextension
d) words used too restrictively 155 Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as: A. underextension. B. telegraphic speech. C. private speech. D. overextension. 156 fast mapping
c) the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter; by age 6 the average child has vocabulary of around 14,000 words; vocab acquired at rate of nearly one new word every 2 hours, 24 hours a day 157 Overextension
a) words used too broadly 158 When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents, she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out “see cars,” even though some of the vehicles are buses andtrucks. This is an example of _________ speech.a) overextensionb) rehearsalc) holophrases d) telegraphic 159 What is the term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning?a) referential styleb) overextensionc) expressive style d) telegraphic speech 160 Two-year-old Max says the word "bunny" for a large hamster and a white rat. Max's error is known as: A. telegraphic speech. B. underextension. C. aphasia. D. overextension. 161 Overregularization
b) speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular 162 mutual exclusivity principle
d) the assumption that only one label can be applied to each object in early word learning. 163 the Wug study
a) two _____ they were asked to finish the sentence; “there are two_____” the children knew the rules about plural nouns they also understood possessive forms of nouns and third-person singular and past-tense 164 social speech
c) before the age 3; speak only for their own entertainment, unaware if anyone else can understand; before preschool years; direct their speech to others, want others to listen, frustrated when they are not understood, adapt their speech to others through pragmatics 165 What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?a) social speechb) pragmaticsc) syntax d) private speech 166 True or False Social speech is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person. 167 When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this: A. mindstream. B. drawling. C. lisping. D. private speech. 168 private speech
b) speech that is spoken and directed to oneself; serves to try out ideas, facilitates children’s behavior, serves a social function 169 True or False Private speech is the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others. 170 When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves,this is calleda) egocentric speech.b) syntax.c) fast mapping. d) private speech. 171 metalinguistic awareness
d) one of the most significant developments in middle childhood is children’s increasing understanding of their own use of language 172 What is the term for an understanding of one’s own use of language?a) metamemoryb) comprehensionc) metalinguistic awareness d) expressive/receptive communication c) metalinguistic awareness 173 Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word “da,” his father picks him upwith joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say “dad.” The father’s behavior reinforces Will’s behavior, and this is an example ofa) the learning theory approach.b) universal grammar.c) the nativist approach. d) infant-directed speech. a) the learning theory approach. 174 Which researcher developed the “nativist approach” and the concept of “universal grammar” to explain how children learn their language skills?a) Skinnerb) Bandurac) Chomsky d) Bayley 175 What is the term for the theory that a genetically-determined, innate mechanismdirects language development?a) the learning theory approachb) referential stylec) universal grammar d) the nativist approach 176 Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought tohypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of geneticpredispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?a) universal grammarb) interactionist approachc) learning theory approach d) language-acquisition device b) interactionist approach 177 According to the __________________, language development comes about through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances.a) environmental hypothesisb) behavioral perspectivec) relativity hypothesis d) interactionist approach d) interactionist approach 178 Which researcher developed the “nativist approach” and the concept of “universalgrammar” to explain how children learn their language skills?a) Skinnerb) Bandurac) Chomsky d) Bayley 179 The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________.a) Chomsky; universal grammarb) Chomsky; the nativist approachc) Skinner; the learning theory approach d) Skinner; language-acquisition theory a) Chomsky; universal grammar 180 Language a)a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication. c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication. 181 Universal Grammar a) a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication. c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax a) a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky 182 language species a) a similar underlying structure shared by all the world’s languages according to linguist Noam Chomsky b) requires a human brain and human environment; full fledged language is achieved only by humans, but only if they have experience with other humans using language for communication. c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax c) nonhuman primates have been trained to use signs or other symbols after concentrated effort by humans, there appears to be little evidence that they have acquired syntax 183 What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis and who was an early researcher associated with it? Language shapes and may even determine the way people of a certain culture perceive and understand the world (Worf 1958 184 A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is called _____. A. dysphagia B. aphasia C. autism D. mutism 185 _____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production. A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. Morton's area D. SMA area 186 _____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of speech. A. Broca's area B. SMA area C. Morton's area D. Wernicke's area 187 Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____. A. linearity B. mastery C. lateralization D. learning 188 Your ability to see faces and patterns with the right hemisphere of the brain and understand language with the left hemisphere is due to _____. 189 Imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the: A. receptive period. B. sensitive period. C. critical period. D. bonding period. 190 Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive development. A. culture and social interaction B. biology C. the unconscious mind D. genetic makeup A. culture and social interaction 191 Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language? a) universal grammar b) interactionist perspective c) learning theory approach d) language-acquisition device b) interactionist perspective 192 According to Schaie's stages of cognitive development, young adults' focus shifts from the future to the here-and-now as they enter the __________ stage. a) responsible b) achieving c) reintegrative d)acquisitive 193 According to the __________________, language development comes about through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances. a) environmental hypothesisb) behavioral perspectivec) relativity hypothesis d) interactionist perspective d) interactionist perspective 194 Affluent parents spend significantly more time ___________ their children than do parents who live in poverty. a) lecturingb) interacting withc) prohibiting d) shopping with 195 As they grow older, children begin to recall memories in terms of ______________, which are general representations in memory of a sequence or series of events. a) scriptsb) control strategiesc) metamemories d) chunks 196 Bilingual speakers show _______________ than students who speak only one language. a) more language confusion and poor grammar skillsb) greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awarenessc) more emotional problems and lack of self-control d) greater musical ability and telegraphic understanding b) greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness 197 Children's understanding of their own use of language, referred to as _____________, is one of the most significant developments in middle childhood. a) linguistic comprehensionb) metalinguistic awarenessc) ongoing self-assessment d) social pragmatics b) metalinguistic awareness 198 Compared with other approaches, the information processing approach pays more attention to ______________. a) social and cultural factors in developmentb) drawing a comprehensive picture of child developmentc) the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities d) interior human processes, such as hopes and aspirations c) the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities 199 Critics of Piaget note that his theory of cognitive development overlooks the _________________ systems that are present from early infancy. a) intuitive and sequencingb) motor and permanencec) sensory and perceptual d) memory and conservation c) sensory and perceptual 200 In general, researchers believe that, compared to memory processing in adults, memory processing in young children is ______________. a) more efficient for short-term, but less efficient for long-term, memoryb) generally similarc) reliant on different components of memory d) qualitatively different 201 In infant-directed speech, parents tend to use twice as many _____________ with their daughters than with their sons. a) diminutivesb) simple sentencesc) prohibitions d) proper nouns 202 In middle childhood, the use of both _________ and _________ increases. a) gesturing; overextensionb) phonology; prohibitionsc) telegraphic speech; holophrases d) passive voice; conditional sentences d) passive voice; conditional sentences 203 In the months spanning their third birthday, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences, known as ________, doubles each month. a) extensionb) semanticsc) syntax d) expansion 204 One-word utterances, called _____________, stand for a whole phrase and derive their meaning from the context in which they are used. a) holophrasesb) morphemesc) semantics d) underextensions 205 Research suggests Piaget may have erred in asserting that preschoolers have little understanding of ___________, as shown by their inability to grasp conservation and reversibility. a) the alphabetb) numbersc) object permanence d) transformation 206 Scaffolding involves helping children to __________________ appropriately. a) think about and frame a taskb) read passages and answer questionsc) review and correct their work d) work with peers in cooperative groups a) think about and frame a task 207 The four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget, are ____________. a) sensorimotor, secondary circular, intuitive thought, and formal operationalb) primary, assimilation, concrete operational, and egocentric thoughtc) simple reflex, preoperational, symbolic functional, and intuitive thought d) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational d) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational 208 The key difference between information processing and Piagetian approaches is that information processing approaches focus on ______________. a) a smaller and less distinct number of stagesb) lifelong rather than infant developmentc) permanent rather than temporary changes d) quantitative rather than qualitative changes c) permanent rather than temporary changes 209 The proposition that language shapes and may even determine the ways people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world is known as the a) nativist-acquisition hypothesis.b) universal-linguistic theory.c) linguistic-relativity hypothesis. d) learning theory approach. c) linguistic-relativity hypothesis. 210 Vygotsky refers to the assistance or structuring provided by parents, teachers, or skilled peers as ____________. a) scaffoldingb) modelingc) nurturing d) cooperation 211 Vygotsky viewed children as ______________ who learn cognitive strategies and other skills from adults and peer mentors. a) blank slatesb) junior scientistsc) assimilators d) apprentices 212 Vygotsky's theory that children's comprehension of the world flows from their _________ is increasingly well-supported by research. a) continual advance in motor skillsb) mental representations and schemesc) interactions with adults and peers d) concrete operational thinking c) interactions with adults and peers 213 Which of the following summarizes the key principle of information processing theories of development? a) Cognitive development in children is linked to distinct stages.b) The quality of children's thinking changes significantly and suddenly as they develop.c) With age and practice, children's thinking gradually becomes more sophisticated. d) Developmental changes in children are more qualitative than quantitative. c) With age and practice, children's thinking gradually becomes more sophisticated. 214 __________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences. a) Semanticsb) Extensionsc) Phonetics d) Morphemes 215 ____________ is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used. a) Assessmentb) Recallc) Retrieval d) Application 216 ______________ approaches to cognitive development seek to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information. a) Information gatheringb) Data collectingc) Automatization processing d) Information processing d) Information processing 217 ______________ are stimuli, such as words, images, smells, or sounds, that people use to search and locate information stored in long-term memory. a) Retrieval cuesb) Mnemonicsc) Information chunks d) Memory modules 218 ______________ is the ability to allocate attentional resources based on desired goals. a) Planningb) Attentionc) Control d) Strategy |
What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cant be seen?
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