How to breed dogs at home

Are you looking for information about dog breeding basics for the beginner who wants to be a responsible steward of his or her beloved breed? Breeding a dog is a serious undertaking and there are many factors to consider to ensure the health of the mother and her pups and happy future owners. The best breeders learn how to breed dogs and study in depth before moving forward with planning a litter.

Table of Contents Show

• Key things to consider before you start
• Your quick guide to dog-breeding terms
• Is your bitch suitable for breeding?
• Do you have the resources to breed successfully?
• 3. Knowledge
• Choosing a stud
• The breeding process
• The whelping process
• Do you need a dog breeding licence?
• Finding good homes for puppies

There are quite a few terms you'll hear in the course of any discussion on dog breeding. This list of common terms and definitions provides important dog breeding information that will help any beginner better understand the entire process.

• Bitch - This the correct term for a female dog.
• Dam - This is the designation given to the mother of a litter.
• Stud - The stud is the male dog that performs the breeding on the bitch.
• Sire - This is the designation given to the father of the litter.
• Litter - This term applies to a group of puppies that are born from the same pregnancy.
• Heat cycle - This is the active period of a bitch's reproductive cycle. It's characterized by a bloody discharge, the release of eggs for fertilization and a period of active willingness to breed.
• Ovaries - These are reproductive organs that release ovum for fertilization during a bitch's heat cycle.
• Eggs - This is the common term for reproductive cells that are created when ovum are released from the ovaries and are fertilized by sperm. A fertilized egg is known as a zygote and develops into an embryo once it implants in the uterine wall.
• Sperm - These are minute organisms produced by the male that fertilize the bitch's eggs and deliver the stud's DNA.
• Vulva - This is the opening to the bitch's reproductive tract. The vulva swells considerably at the beginning of the heat cycle and then softens to facilitate breeding.
• Penis and testicles - These are the stud's reproductive organs designed to produce and deliver sperm.
• Gestation - This term applies to the entire period of pregnancy.
• Whelp - This is a term used to describe a newborn pup.
• Whelping - This is the act of giving birth, and it is also simply known as "labor."
• Whelping box - This is a prepared box in which the bitch gives birth. You can purchase a commercial whelping box, or you can create one yourself from a cardboard box, a small children's pool or by using blueprints to build one from wood.
• Contractions - These are spasms of the uterus that are designed to propel the pup along the birth canal toward delivery.
• Water bag - This is the thin yet durable membrane or "birth sac" that surrounds each puppy in utero. Nearly all pups are born in this protective sac which must be broken immediately after the pup is born or it will suffocate.
• Umbilical cord - This is the fleshy cord that is attached between a pup's abdomen and the placenta. It must be severed after the pups' birth either by the mother chewing the cord or by cutting it with sterilized scissors.
• Uterus - This is organ wherein the embryos attach and grow throughout the pregnancy.
• Placenta - This is the organ that attaches each embryo to the uterine wall. It supports each pup's growth and development by delivering oxygen and nutrients, and also by carrying waste away via the umbilical cord. When a puppy is born, its umbilical cord is still attached to the placenta. The placenta may be delivered with the pup, or it may take a few minutes longer to be delivered with the next contraction.
• Line breeding - This term refers to a planned breeding between family members used to secure desirable qualities in the progeny. Line breedings include breedings between grandparent/ grandchild, uncle/niece, aunt/nephew half-brother/half-sister and breedings with relatives even further apart.
• Inbreeding - These are breedings between closely related individuals including mother/son, father/daughter and full-brother/full-sister. Such breedings are typically undesirable and may produce congenital defects in the pups.
• Outcrossing - A breeding between two non-related dogs.
• Tie - This term is used to describe the swelling near the base of the dog's penis that temporarily binds the dog to the bitch during intercourse. As the swelling develops, the bitch's muscles clamp down around it to hold the organ in place. This helps to ensure proper delivery of semen, and though not completely necessary for producing a litter, it does increase the chance for fertilization.
  

Dog breeding can take place naturally or through artificial insemination.

A natural breeding takes place between the stud and the bitch with little or no human interference. The male mounts the bitch from behind and commences to mate with her. The sperm are mainly delivered during the period of the "tie", but some sperm may be delivered before that moment. The sperm will travel deeper and either meet up with the ovum for fertilization or attach themselves to the uterine wall and wait for the chemical/hormonal signal that lets them know the ovum have been released. They will then race toward the ovum in an effort to be the first one to fertilize them. Once a sperm fertilizes an egg, no other sperm can penetrate it. The fertilized eggs then implant themselves at intervals along the uterine horns where they will continue to develop until it's time for delivery.

An artificial breeding may be carried out whenever a natural breeding is either impossible or undesirable. A vet collects sperm from a male and uses a syringe equipped with a catheter to deliver the sperm to the female's uterus. The catheter is threaded into the vulva while taking care to avoid the bladder. The sperm is then slowly expelled, and the bitch is kept quiet for about an hour to help ensure the sperm reach their destination. If all goes well, fertilization will take place and a litter will develop.

No matter which breeding method is used, the gestation period lasts approximately 63 days, give or take a few days. Delivery can happen as early as 58 days gestation, but pups born this early may be slightly premature and are usually identified by the bright pink skin tone of their furless paws. As long as these pups are given ample opportunity to nurse, most survive quite well.

Getting involved in dog breeding should be undertaken seriously and with a focus on learning all the ins and outs related to the basics of dog breeding. This includes genetics, health testing, the estrus and gestation cycles, whelping puppies and caring for the newborn puppies. Breeding a dog and continuing on the traditions of your favorite breed can be immensely rewarding, but a responsible breeder will do all of their homework first to make sure their efforts are successful.

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Dog breeding is a joy, but also a huge responsibility. Getting it right means careful planning and preparation. Getting it wrong can be a heartache as well as costly, if pups have health problems or are returned to you by disappointed buyers.

Breeding puppies can produce a hefty vet bill. As long as you’re a non-commercial breeder, our specialist pet insurance is a great way to ensure your 8 week old puppies’ needs are taken care of.

Key things to consider before you start

You want to breed a puppy, not a problem. While the delight of seeing new puppies come into the world is certainly part of the experience, don’t let this distract you from the basic principle of ensuring you only bring new dogs into the world where they have the best chance of being healthy and happy.

Each litter should be an improvement on its parents. This means you should think through issues like temperament, health issues and soundness before breeding. You need to plan ahead of mating to ensure you can give the optimum environment.

You also need to be confident that you can accept responsibility for all puppies born to your dog, even after they have gone to new owners. You may need to provide assistance with issues such as training and socialisation and in some cases, you might need to take back a dog if there are problems.

Your quick guide to dog-breeding terms

Let’s take a look at some of the most common terms you’ll be using if you become a breeder:

Bitch - a female dog

Dam - the dog equivalent of mother

Heat - the span of time when a bitch is fertile

Litter - the puppies born from a single pregnancy

Season - dog menstruation

Sire - the dog equivalent of father

Stud - the male dog who mates with the bitch

Whelp - a newborn puppy

Whelping - a dog giving birth

Is your bitch suitable for breeding?

You should only breed from a female dog who is fit, healthy and shows a good temperament. Before mating, the bitch should have health tests to check if there are any conditions she could pass on to her puppies.

Age should also be taken into account. It is recommended to wait until a bitch is at least one year and has had a full season already before attempting to mate. Once a dog is over the age of around eight, the risks of mating and whelping begin to increase.

If you plan to register the puppies with the Kennel Club, you should check the bitch (and the stud) are already KC registered and meet the relevant criteria. The Kennel Club is unlikely to register puppies where:

• The bitch has already whelped four litters
• The dam is aged over eight years old
• The dam is under one year old
• The offspring are produced through mating a father and daughter, son and mother or sister and brother
• The dam has already had two litters by caesarean section

Exceptions are sometimes made to these rules if you can show special circumstances and/or supporting veterinary evidence.

If you intend to breed from your bitch, you should make sure she has optimum nutrition and has had all the vet care she needs prior to mating. You should also start to keep records of her heat cycles, which will help you to predict the due date of her litter when she gets pregnant.

If you decide that your female dog is unsuitable for breeding, it is advisable to have her spayed to prevent unwanted pregnancies and to protect her from health issues in future.

Do you have the resources to breed successfully?

Breeding puppies successfully is time-consuming, potentially costly and requires quite a bit of knowledge. Before you begin, you should be clear that you have the resources to breed properly.

So what will you need?

1. Time

You need to be able to be able to give the dam all the care she needs through whelping and the first eight weeks of the puppies’ lives, which is the earliest they can go to new homes.

You will need to keep an eye out for signs of infection in the mother, keep the whelping box clean and fresh, ensure the family has the vet checks they need and generally ensure a calm, quiet atmosphere while the pups are tiny.

If something goes wrong, for example the dam does not produce enough milk for the pups, the process can be even more time-consuming, as you will need to find a foster mother or use milk replacer products.

2. Money

You will need to be able to cover veterinary costs such as pre-breeding tests, vaccinations and attendance during the birth if whelping is not straightforward.

In a worst-case scenario, you may need to deliver the pups by caesarean section, or have the dam treated for issues such as haemorrhage or infection.

The best way to protect yourself and your pets against costly vet bills is to take out multi pet insurance. By combining all your pets on a single policy, you can save money and ensure you have the cover you need.

3. Knowledge

You will need to know how to support your dog through pregnancy and whelping, including understanding the signs that veterinary assistance is required. You should be familiar with all you need to do to keep the bitch and her litter healthy in the early days, and how to socialise the pups when they find their feet.

Choosing a stud

The stud you choose should have a pedigree that is compatible with your bitch, as well as a clean bill of health. Before breeding, the stud should be checked for inherited diseases which apply to that breed.

Of course, you can always choose to create a crossbreed litter. Some mixed breed dogs are immensely popular, mixing the best characteristics of two pedigrees.

Celebrated examples include the Cavachon (Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and Bichon Frise), the Labradoodle (Labrador Poodle), the Cockapoo (Cocker Spaniel and Poodle) and the Goberian (Golden Retriever and Siberian Husky).

While crossbreeding can be very successful, producing a unique-looking dog who often escapes congenital issues associated with the parents’ breeds, it is also an unpredictable process.

The size and temperament of crossbreed dogs is hard to predict, and deliveries can also be higher risk, perhaps even requiring a caesarean section.

The breeding process

Once you are confident that the bitch and stud you have chosen are suitable for breeding and that you have the resources required, it’s time to start the actual breeding process.

A bitch is suitable for mating when she is over one year old and has had at least one normal season.

Most bitches will come on heat twice a year once they are in season. The age at which bitches come into season for the first time can be as old as two – larger breeds tend to be later.

The best time to mate a bitch is around the 11-14th day of her season (from 11 days after the first day of bleeding).

However, this is hard to predict as some bitches will accept a dog earlier, while others will not accept the dog until later. A vet may be able to carry out hormonal testing on the bitch to check the best date for trying to mate.

To mate the dogs, they are brought into the same space and usually, nature takes its course if the female is in the right stage of her cycle. Bitches will be in whelp for around 63 days.

The whelping process

From 21 days after mating, a vet can check if your bitch is pregnant by testing for the hormone relaxing and manual checks to see if the uterus is thickening.

This may be covered by your multi pet insurance. From 28 days, puppy heartbeats may be heard with a stethoscope and the pups should show up on an ultrasound scan. This should also show how many pups will be in the litter.

During pregnancy, your dog should start out with the same healthy diet and exercise regime she is used to. When she is ready to give birth, she may seem restless and scratch at the ground or her bed.

This is when you make up a whelping box. This should be of a size to allow the bitch to come and go easily, but confine the puppies and keep out draughts. It should be lined with bedding that is soft and durable, such as old blankets or sheets.

The dam-to-be may pant and urinate frequently as whelping approaches. Within a few hours, the puppies should start to appear – the dog can usually handle this herself, but keep watch for signs a vet is needed.

You may need equipment such as towels, thread and scissors for tying umbilical cord, and plenty of bedding – things can get messy.

When the pups are born, they may need to be wrapped in towels or warmed with hot water bottles while the dam is busy birthing the rest of the litter. When whelping is complete, clean out the bedding then leave the new mother alone to rest and begin nursing her puppies in peace.

Do you need a dog breeding licence?

On 1st October 2018, new legislation came into effect which was aimed at reducing the number of dogs bred for profit by unscrupulous owners. Some so-called puppy farmers had been breeding puppies irresponsibly in order to make money, failing to consider factors such as health, temperament and socialisation.

If you breed three or more litters where at least one puppy from each litter is sold in a 12-month period, you will now need a dog breeding licence.

Regardless of how many litters you breed each year, you also need a licence if you are judged to be selling puppies as a commercial enterprise. If the income you make from selling puppies is considerably more than your expenditure on costs such as stud fees, food and vet care, you may need a licence.

Licences are granted by local authorities for one, two or three years depending on your score in a star rating system.

You are graded on the welfare standards you provide, for example, the number of health tests you carry out, and the risk rating you represent based on your history of meeting the relevant standards.

If you make more than £1,000 trading income, regardless of costs incurred in rearing the puppies, you will need to report this to HMRC as tax may be payable on the income.

Finding good homes for puppies

Making sure that you find the best possible homes for the puppies is important for them, but it’s also vital for you. If you do not ensure the pups are matched with suitable owners, you may well find that the puppies are returned to you at a later date.

To begin with, you should find out whether the potential buyers really know what they are getting into. Check their experience of owning dogs, their knowledge about the breed, and their understanding of the commitment a dog requires in terms of time and money.

Check whether any children live in the family home and whether their temperament is suited to having a dog right now. You should also ask about whether there is enough space for the dog to exercise and whether the dog would be left alone for long periods during the day.

Before the new owners take the puppy home, they should buy insurance – they may even be able to add the new pooch to their multi pet insurance policy.

You should be entirely honest with the buyers about the dog’s characteristics and the level of care it needs. If you mislead the new owner, whether deliberately or inadvertently, the puppy could be returned to you or rapidly sold on to a new owner.

If you have any misgivings – even if it’s only a hunch that this owner is not the right fit – you can simply refuse to sell to that person.

Get a pet insurance quote from Purely Pets today.