Woodrow Wilson, a leader of the Progressive Movement, was the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921). After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to “make the world safe for democracy.” Like Roosevelt before him, Woodrow Wilson regarded himself as the personal representative of the people. “No one but the President,” he said, “seems to be expected … to look out for the general interests of the country.” He developed a program of progressive reform and asserted international leadership in building a new world order. In 1917 he proclaimed American entrance into World War I a crusade to make the world “safe for democracy.” Wilson had seen the frightfulness of war. He was born in Virginia in 1856, the son of a Presbyterian minister who during the Civil War was a pastor in Augusta, Georgia, and during Reconstruction a professor in the charred city of Columbia, South Carolina. After graduation from Princeton (then the College of New Jersey) and the University of Virginia Law School, Wilson earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University and entered upon an academic career. In 1885 he married Ellen Louise Axson. Wilson advanced rapidly as a conservative young professor of political science and became president of Princeton in 1902. His growing national reputation led some conservative Democrats to consider him Presidential timber. First they persuaded him to run for Governor of New Jersey in 1910. In the campaign he asserted his independence of the conservatives and of the machine that had nominated him, endorsing a progressive platform, which he pursued as governor. He was nominated for President at the 1912 Democratic Convention and campaigned on a program called the New Freedom, which stressed individualism and states’ rights. In the three-way election he received only 42 percent of the popular vote but an overwhelming electoral vote. Wilson maneuvered through Congress three major pieces of legislation. The first was a lower tariff, the Underwood Act; attached to the measure was a graduated Federal income tax. The passage of the Federal Reserve Act provided the Nation with the more elastic money supply it badly needed. In 1914 antitrust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices. Another burst of legislation followed in 1916. One new law prohibited child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day. By virtue of this legislation and the slogan “he kept us out of war,” Wilson narrowly won re-election. But after the election Wilson concluded that America could not remain neutral in the World War. On April 2,1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany. Massive American effort slowly tipped the balance in favor of the Allies. Wilson went before Congress in January 1918, to enunciate American war aims–the Fourteen Points, the last of which would establish “A general association of nations…affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” After the Germans signed the Armistice in November 1918, Wilson went to Paris to try to build an enduring peace. He later presented to the Senate the Versailles Treaty, containing the Covenant of the League of Nations, and asked, “Dare we reject it and break the heart of the world?” But the election of 1918 had shifted the balance in Congress to the Republicans. By seven votes the Versailles Treaty failed in the Senate. The President, against the warnings of his doctors, had made a national tour to mobilize public sentiment for the treaty. Exhausted, he suffered a stroke and nearly died. Tenderly nursed by his second wife, Edith Bolling Galt, he lived until 1924. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about President Wilson’s first wife, Ellen Axson Wilson, who died during her term. Learn more about President Wilson’s second wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson.
How did the contentious presidential election of 1876 lead to the official end of Reconstruction?
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How did white southerners seek to reverse African-American political and social gains during and after the era of Reconstruction?
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The __________ Supreme Court decision ruled that legal segregation on the basis of race did not run contrary to the 14th Amendment and affirmed southern laws segregating public facilities and schools.
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What was the primary significance of Congress' efforts to impeach President Andrew Johnson in 1868?
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What was the primary significance of the 14th Amendment, which the Radical Republicans in Congress passed in 1866?
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Which of the following is an argument that African-American leaders made as to why voting rights were essential for African-Americans in the postwar South?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the structure of local and state governments in the South during Reconstruction?
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Why did white southerners pass "black codes" following the Civil War?
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What was the primary difference between Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction?
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Corporate officials used which of the following practices to increase worker efficiency during the late-19th and early-20th centuries?
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Which of the following "pull" factors led to increased immigration from Europe and Asia to the United States in the second half of the 19th century?
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Which of the following factors account for the expansion of the labor movement in the United States during the second half of the 19th century?
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Which of the following factors led to a significant migration of African-Americans to northern cities in the first two decades of the 20th century?
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Which of the following problems did poor urban residents encounter in American cities during the 19th and early-20th centuries?
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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes that federal government's relationship with American corporations during the late-19th century?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the U.S. government's response to European and Asian immigration in the late-19th and early-20th centuries?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the transformation of American cities over the course of the 19th century?
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Which of the following was a MAJOR difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?
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The growth of industry in the United States following the Civil War was BEST characterized by which of the following processes?
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Fill in the blanks. American treatment of Filipino rebels during the three-year war for control of the Philippine Islands may BEST be described as _______________ and _________________.
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How did President William Howard Taft’s diplomatic policies differ from President Theodore Roosevelt's policies?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the American public's reaction to the outcome of the Spanish-American War?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes Theodore Roosevelt's policies regarding America's diplomatic relationships with countries in Central and South America?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the key differences between the economic and social development of the East and the economic and social development of the American West in the 19th century?
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Which of the following statements BEST explains why American political leaders intervened militarily in Cuba in 1898?
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Which of these statements BEST describes the impact of transcontinental railroad lines on western development in the 19th century?
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Which statement BEST describes how federal policy towards Native Americans in the West changed during the course of the late 19th century after the Civil War?
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Which of these statements BEST describes the role that the federal government played in encouraging westward migration during and after the Civil War?
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What aspects of President Theodore Roosevelt’s public life does this cartoon reference?
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What was the primary objective of Progressive reformers engaged in the City Beautiful movement?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the national impact of the Populist movement?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the beliefs of Progressive reformers in the United States at the turn of the 20th century?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the roles played by women and African Americans in Progressive-Era reform campaigns?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the major difference between the Populist and the Progressive reform movements in the United States?
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Which of the following was NOT a way that Progressive reformers sought to correct problems in America's cities?
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Why did the Populist Party support coining silver and thereby increasing the supply of money in circulation throughout the United States?
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Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of the Populist political movement in the Midwest and South during the 1890s?
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How did the Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s differ from the Progressive presidential administrations of the first two decades of the 20th century?
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The ___________ were laws in 1917 and 1918 that criminalized antiwar protest activities and the federal government also used the laws against radical political organizations in the United States.
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What motivated President Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war on Germany and its allies in the spring of 1917?
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Which of the following factors contributed to the "Red Scare" of 1920?
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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes President Woodrow Wilson's actions during the Versailles Treaty negotiations?
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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the position of women in American society during the 1920s?
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Which of the following was a direct consequence of African American migration from the rural South to the urban North during the 1910s and 1920s?
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Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the growing popularity of automobiles in the United States during the 1920s?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes America's involvement in World War I prior to 1917?
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How did the United States government's treatment of Japanese-American citizens differ from its treatment of citizens of German and Italian ancestry during World War II?
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How did the United States' economic and political status in the international community change as a result of World War II?
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How did World War II affect African Americans in the United States?
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The ____________ was a law enacted in 1935 which among its provisions provided assistance to dependent children who did not have a wage-earning parent.
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Which of the following statements BEST characterize President Herbert Hoover's response to the Great Depression in the United States?
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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the differences between the First and Second New Deals?
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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the legacy of the New Deal?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes Franklin D. Roosevelt’s reform proposals during his 1932 presidential campaign?
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All of the following factors directly contributed to the Great Depression in the United States EXCEPT:
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How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Congress respond to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in October of 1957?
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What was the United States' policy on the use of nuclear weapons during the early years of the Cold War?
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Which of the following communication technology devices had the greatest impact on American society in the 1950s?
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Which of the following is an important lesson that United States policy makers learned from the Korean War?
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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes American society during the 1950s?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the dominant cultural attitudes towards women in the United States during the 1950s?
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Which of the following statements BEST explains George Kennan's post-World War II policy of Containment?
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Which of the following statements BEST explains the origins of the Red Scare in the 1950s?
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How did the United States' post-World War II policies compare to the postwar policies of the Soviet Union?
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A series of “sit-ins” as civil rights protests in 1960 resulted in the formation of the _____.
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How did Malcolm X's message of Black Nationalism differ from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s nonviolent, integrationist approach to civil rights?
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What was the significance of the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott?
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What was the significance of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?
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Which of the following factors contributed to the rebirth of the Feminist movement in the 1960s?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the gay and lesbian liberation movement in the 1960s and early 1970s?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the reaction of white Americans to the civil rights movement by the end of the 1960s?
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Why did Martin Luther King, Jr. select Birmingham, Alabama, as the site for major civil rights protests in the spring of 1963?
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What was the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954?
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How did President John F. Kennedy respond to the growing Communist guerilla war in South Vietnam?
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Which of the following challenges did U.S. military forces face in South Vietnam?
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Which of the following domestic concerns did President Gerald Ford attempt to tackle during his one term as president?
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Counterculture?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes President Lyndon B. Johnson's response to the deteriorating political and military situation in South Vietnam in 1964?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the political and military situation that President Lyndon B. Johnson faced in South Vietnam at the beginning of his presidency?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the origins of the Anti-War Movement during the Vietnam Era?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the impact of the Watergate Scandal on Richard M. Nixon's presidency?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the Vietnam War for the United States?
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How did President John F. Kennedy and his administration respond to the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Communist Cuba in the fall of 1962?
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How did Mikhail Gorbachev's political policies in the Soviet Union lessen tensions between Russia and the United States?
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How did President Ronald Reagan's policies towards the Soviet Union differ from President Jimmy Carter's policies?
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Which of the following factors led to a resurgence of political conservatism in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes President Ronald Reagan's economic policies during his first term in office?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the failures of the Carter Administration?
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the economic legacy of Ronald Reagan's two terms in office?
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Which of the following was a significant foreign policy accomplishment of the Carter administration?
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George W. Bush's presidential campaign focused on which of the following issues?
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How did President Bill Clinton's first term in office differ from his second term in office?
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How did President Bill Clinton's political values differ from previous 20th-century Democratic presidents?
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How did President George W. Bush and the U.S. government respond to the September 11th attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C.?
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In which of the following ways did the U.S. economy change during the 1990s?
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What was the major source of controversy in the presidential election of 2000?
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Which of the following factors played a causal role in the "Great Recession" of 2008?
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Which of the following foreign policy matters did President Bill Clinton deal with during his time in office?
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Which of the following was a challenge that Democrat President Barack Obama faced after being elected president in 2008?
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How did George H.W. Bush's presidential policies depart from his predecessor Ronald Reagan's policies?
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