Tadesse, Tenager, Fekadu Abebe, Aaron Hawkins and JP. Improving infection prevention and control in Ethiopia through supportive supervision of health facilities. Arlington, VA USAID’s AIDS support tech assist Resour AIDSTAR-one, task Order. 2012;1.
Linda T, Débora B, Noel M. Infection Prevention Guidelines for Healthcare Facilities with Limited Resources. Maryland: JHPIEGO Corporation; 2003.
Google Scholar
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). Why Are Healthcare-Associated Infections Important ? 2020. p. 2–3. Available from: //www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/healthcare-associated-infections%0AGoal.
Google Scholar
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-Associated Infections ( HAIs ); 2020. p. 1–5. Available from: //www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/healthcare-associated-infections%0AGoal.
Google Scholar
Gebresilassie A, Kumei AYD. Standard precautions practice among health Care Workers in Public Health Facilities of Mekelle special zone, northern Ethiopia. J Community Med Heal Educ. 2014;4(3):286–91.
Google Scholar
Mayank D, Anshuman M, Singh RK, Afzal A, Baronia AKPK. Nosocomial cross- transmission of pseudomonas aeruginosa between patients in a tertiary intensive care unit. Indian Pathol Microbiol. 2009;52:509–13.
Article Google Scholar
Joseph NM, Sistla S., Dutta, T.K., Badhe, A.S., Rasitha, D, Parija S. Role of intensive care unit environment and health-care workers in transmission of ventilator associated pneumonia. J Infect Dev 201; 2014;4:282–291.
Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. Infection prevention and patient safety reference manual for service providers and managers in healthcare facilities of Ethiopia. 2012.
Google Scholar
Biniyam S, Azeb G, Desta HTG. Infection prevention practices and associated factors among healthcare workers in governmental healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2018;28(2):2018.
Google Scholar
Geberemariyam BS. Instrument processing knowledge and practice amongst healthcare workers in Addis Ababa. Int J Infect Control. 2018;14(2):1–8.
Google Scholar
Sodhi K, et al. Knowledge of infection control practices among intensive care nurses in a tertiary care hospital. J Infect Public Heal. 2013;6:269–75.
Article Google Scholar
Walelegn W, Abera KFM. Point prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in two teaching hospitals of Amhara region in Ethiopia. Drug Heal Patient Saf. 2016;8:71–6.
Article Google Scholar
Endalafer N, Gebereselassie SKB. Nosocomial bacterial infections in a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia. J Infect Prev. 2011;12(1):38–43.
Article Google Scholar
Muhammad H. Infectious diseases control knowledge and practice among health care workers in Bolan medical college complex hospital Quetta; 2014.
Google Scholar
Vaz K, Mcgrowder D. Knowledge, Awareness and Compliance with Universal Precautions among Health Care Workers at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica. IJOEM. 2010;1(4):171–81 Available from: www.theijoem.com Vol.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Ethiopian services availability and readiness assessment ( SARA ). 2018.
Google Scholar
Efifie E. Assessing the awareness and adherence to the universal safety precautions (USP) among health care workers (HCWs) in Kogi state specialist hospital (KSSH), Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria; 2016.
Google Scholar
Geberemariyam BS, Donka GM, Wordofa B. Assessment of knowledge and practices of healthcare workers towards infection prevention and associated factors in healthcare facilities of West Arsi District , Southeast Ethiopia : a facility-based cross-sectional study. Arch Public Heal. 2018;76(69):1–11.
Google Scholar
Al-mahdali G. A literature review of healthcare workers compliance to , and knowledge of standard / universal precautions. MOJ Public Heal. 2015;2(5):156–66.
Google Scholar
Ethiopian HC System | Ethiopia | Health Policy, editor. Ethiopian Health System; 2015. p. 1–5. Available from: //ethiopiahealth.blogs.wm.edu/ethiopian-health-system/.
Google Scholar
Isara AR OA. Knowledge and practice of standard precautions among health care workers in the Federal Medical Centre , Asaba , Delta State, Nigeria. Niger Postgr Med J. 2010;17(3):204–9.
Google Scholar
Siegal JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson MCL. Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Standard Precautions version 1.0. health service excutive; 2009. p. 2.
Google Scholar
Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia. Infection Prevention and Patient Safety Reference Manual for Service Providers and Managers in Healthcare Facilities of Ethiopia; 2011. p. 5.
Google Scholar
Tobin E, Asogun D, Odia IEG. Knowledge and practice of infection control among health workers in a tertiary hospital in Edo state, Nigeria. Direct Res J Heal Pharm Novemb. 2013;1(2):20–7.
Google Scholar
Abdulraheem IS, Amodu MO, Saka MJ, Bolarinwa OAUM. Knowledge, awareness and compliance with standard precautions among health Workers in North Eastearn Nigeria. J Community Med Heal Edu. 2012;2(131). //doi.org/10.4172/jcmhe.1000131.
Kaushal G, Doke P, Shah AVV. An analysis of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding standard precautions of infection control and impact of knowledge and attitude of ICU nurses on self- reported practices of infection control. Int J Res Found Hosp Healthc Admin. 2015;2:79–85.
Google Scholar
Alrubaiee G, Baharom A, Shahar HK, Daud SM, Basaleem HO. Knowledge and practices of nurses regarding nosocomial infection control measures in private hospitals in Sana ’ a City, Yemen. Saf Heal. 2017;3(16):1–6.
Google Scholar
Katowa P, Mukwato M, Ngoma MM. Compliance with infection prevention guidelines by health care workers at Ronald Ross general hospital Mufulira district. Med J Zambia. 2014;3(5):1–8.
Google Scholar
AN SUA-O, Aguwa EN, UN IM. Knowledge and practice of standard precautions by health-Care Workers in a Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pr. 2018;21:149–55.
Google Scholar
Ekaete T, Danny A, Ikponwonsa OEG. Knowledge and practice of infection control among health workers in a tertiary hospital in Edo state, Nigeria. Direct Res J Heal Pharmacol. 2013;1(2):20–2.
Google Scholar
Admasu T, et al. Infection control knowledge, attitudes, and practices among healthcare workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:1289–96.
Article Google Scholar
Yazie TD, Sharew GB, Abebe W. Knowledge , attitude , and practice of healthcare professionals regarding infection prevention at Gondar University referral hospital , northwest Ethiopia : a cross - sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(563):1–7. //doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4605-5.
Article Google Scholar
Alemayehu RAK. And SO. Assessment of knowledge and practice on infection prevention among health Care Workers at Dessie Referral Hospital, Amhara region, south Wollo zone, north East Ethiopia. J Community Med Health Educ. 2016;6(6):1–7.
Google Scholar
Gulilat KTG. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of health care workers on infection prevention in health institution Bahir Dar city administration. Sci J Pub Heal. 2014;2:384–93.
Article Google Scholar
Desta M, Ayenew T, Sitotaw N, Tegegne N, Dires M, Getie M. Knowledge , practice and associated factors of infection prevention among healthcare workers in Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:1–10.
Article Google Scholar
Sreedharan J, Muttappillymyalil JVM. Knowledge about standard precautions among university hospital nurses in the United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;17:331–4.
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Iliyasu G, et al. Knowledge and practices of infection control among healthcare workers in a tertiary referral Center in North- Western Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2016;15(1):34–40.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Parmeggiani C, et al. Healthcare workers and health care-associated infections: knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in emergency departments in Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:35–42.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Kermode M, Jolley D, Langkham B. Thomas MS HW and GS (2005). Compliance with universal/standard precautions among health care workers in rural North India. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:27–33.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Luo Y, He G-P, Zhou J-W, Luo Y. Factors impacting compliance with standard precautions in nursing, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:1106–14.
Article Google Scholar
Convergence training. Fatigue at work: symptoms, Hazards, Avoidance & Risk Management; 2020. p. 1–10.
Google Scholar
Universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other blood borne pathogens in health-caresettings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1988;37(24):377–388.
Oliveria AC, et al. Knowledge and attitude regarding standard precautions in a Brazilian public emergency service: a cross sectional study. Rev da Esc Enferm da USP. 2009;43(2):313–9.
Article Google Scholar
Gershon RR, et al. Compliance with universal precautions among health care workers at three regional hospitals. Am J Infect Control. 1995;23(4):225–36.
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Page 2
Sex | ||
Male | 377 | 50.8 |
Female | 365 | 49.2 |
Age (in year) | ||
20–29 | 419 | 56.5 |
30–39 | 271 | 36.5 |
40–49 | 41 | 5.5 |
≥ 50 | 11 | 1.5 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 383 | 51.6 |
Married | 320 | 43.1 |
Divorced | 24 | 3.2 |
Widowed | 15 | 2.0 |
Educational status | ||
Diploma | 303 | 40.8 |
Bachelor degree | 407 | 54.9 |
Master’s degree | 32 | 4.3 |
Religion | ||
Orthodox | 594 | 80.1 |
Muslim | 107 | 14.4 |
Protestant | 33 | 4.4 |
Othersa | 8 | 1.1 |
Profession | ||
Nurse | 415 | 55.9 |
Laboratory | 108 | 14.6 |
Midwifery | 104 | 14.0 |
Physician | 95 | 12.8 |
Health officer | 20 | 2.7 |
Work experience (in years) | ||
1–3 | 251 | 33.8 |
4–6 | 192 | 25.9 |
> 6 | 299 | 40.3 |
Training on SP in the last 5 year | ||
Yes | 317 | 42.7 |
No | 425 | 57.3 |
Hospital type | ||
Referral | 461 | 62.1 |
Zonal | 214 | 28.8 |
District | 67 | 9 |
Ward | ||
Surgical | 141 | 19.0 |
Medical | 106 | 14.3 |
Gyn/obs | 119 | 16.0 |
Pedi | 71 | 9.6 |
OPD | 95 | 12.8 |
Laboratory | 108 | 14.6 |
Othersb | 102 | 13.7 |
- a = Catholic, No religion and b = Ophthalmic, orthopedics, Psychiatry, Emergency and Intensive Care Unit
- OPD Out Patient Department, Gyn/obs Gynecology and obstetrics