What rationale explains why prolonged use of oxygen should be discouraged in a child with anemia?

1. Viele MK, Weiskopf RB. What can we learn about the need for transfusion from patients who refuse blood? The experience with Jehovah's Witnesses. Transfusion. 1994;34:396–401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Carson JL, Duff A, Poses RM, Berlin JA, Spence RK, Trout R, Noveck H, Strom BL. Effect of anaemia and cardiovascular disease on surgical mortality and morbidity. Lancet. 1996;348:1055–1060. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Carson JL, Noveck H, Berlin JA, Gould SA. Mortality and morbidity in patients with very low postoperative Hb levels who decline blood transfusion. Transfusion. 2002;42:812–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Beattie WS, Karkouti K, Wijeysundera DN, Tait G. Risk associated with preoperative anemia in noncardiac surgery: A single-center cohort study. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:574–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Wu WC, Schifftner TL, Henderson WG, Eaton CB, Poses RM, Uttley G, Sharma SC, Vezeridis M, Khuri SF, Friedmann PD. Preoperative hematocrit levels and postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 2007;297:2481–2488. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, Kelley S, Lieberman J, Noorani M, Leung JM, Fisher DM, Murray WR, Toy P, Moore MA. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA. 1998;279:217–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Mangano DT, Wong MG, London MJ, Tubau JF, Rapp JA. Perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery--II: Incidence and severity during the 1st week after surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia (SPI) Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:851–857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Mangano DT, Browner WS, Hollenberg M, London MJ, Tubau JF, Tateo IM. Association of perioperative myocardial ischemia with cardiac morbidity and mortality in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1781–1788. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Hebert PC, Yetisir E, Martin C, Blajchman MA, Wells G, Marshall J, Tweeddale M, Pagliarello G, Schweitzer I. Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular diseases? Crit Care Med. 2001;29:227–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf H, Viele MK, Watson JJ, Lieberman J, Kelley S, Toy P. Heart rate increases linearly in response to acute isovolemic anemia. Transfusion. 2003;43:235–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf H, Lieberman J, Finlay HE, Quah C, Kramer JH, Bostrom A, Toy P. Fresh blood and aged stored blood are equally efficacious in immediately reversing anemia-induced brain oxygenation deficits in humans. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:911–920. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf HW, Viele MK, Watson JJ, Kramer JH, Ho R, Toy P. Oxygen reverses deficits of cognitive function and memory and increased heart rate induced by acute severe isovolemic anemia. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:871–877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Weiskopf RB, Toy P, Hopf HW, Feiner J, Finlay HE, Takahashi M, Bostrom A, Songster C, Aminoff MJ. Acute isovolemic anemia impairs central processing as determined by P300 latency. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116:1028–1032. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Leung JM, Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf HW, Kelley S, Viele M, Lieberman J, Watson J, Noorani M, Pastor D, Yeap H, Ho R, Toy P. Electrocardiographic ST-segment changes during acute, severe isovolemic hemodilution in humans. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1004–1010. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Lieberman JA, Weiskopf RB, Kelley SD, Feiner J, Noorani M, Leung J, Toy P, Viele M. Critical oxygen delivery in conscious humans is less than 7.3 ml O2 × kg(−1) × min(−1) Anesthesiology. 2000;92:407–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Toy P, Feiner J, Viele MK, Watson J, Yeap H, Weiskopf RB. Fatigue during acute isovolemic anemia in healthy, resting humans. Transfusion. 2000;40:457–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Eggers GW, Paley HW, Leonard JJ, Warren JV. Hemodynamic responses to oxygen breathing in man. J Appl Physiol. 1962;17:75–79. [Google Scholar]

18. Ickx BE, Rigolet M, Van Der Linden PJ. Cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute normovolemic anemia. Effects of anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1011–1016. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, Tweeddale M, Schweitzer I, Yetisir E. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:409–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Popovsky MA. Pulmonary consequences of transfusion: TRALI and TACO. Transfus Apher Sci. 2006;34:243–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Practice Guidelines for blood component therapy: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:732–747. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood transfusion and adjuvant therapies: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:198–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Rosenberg-Adamsen S, Lie C, Bernhard A, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J. Effect of oxygen treatment on heart rate after abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:380–384. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Kemming GI, Meisner FG, Meier J, Tillmanns J, Thein E, Eriskat J, Habler OP. Hyperoxic ventilation at the critical hematocrit: effects on myocardial perfusion and function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:951–959. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Meier J, Kemming GI, Kisch-Wedel H, Wolkhammer S, Habler OP. Hyperoxic ventilation reduces 6-hour mortality at the critical hemoglobin concentration. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:70–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Pape A, Meier J, Kertscho H, Steche M, Laout M, Schwerdel F, Wedel M, Zwissler B, Habler O. Hyperoxic ventilation increases the tolerance of acute normovolemic anemia in anesthetized pigs. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1475–1482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Fontana JL, Welborn L, Mongan PD, Sturm P, Martin G, Bunger R. Oxygen consumption and cardiovascular function in children during profound intraoperative normovolemic hemodilution. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:219–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Haque WA, Boehmer J, Clemson BS, Leuenberger UA, Silber DH, Sinoway LI. Hemodynamic effects of supplemental oxygen administration in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:353–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace A, Tateo I. Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1713–1720. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Davies RO, Nishino T, Lahiri S. Sympathectomy does not alter the response of carotid chemoreceptors to hypoxemia during carboxyhemoglobinemia or anemia. Neurosci Lett. 1981;21:159–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Hatcher JD, Chiu LK, Jennings DB. Anemia as a stimulus to aortic and carotid chemoreceptors in the cat. J Appl Physiol. 1978;44:696–702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Szlyk PC, King C, Jennings DB, Cain SM, Chapler CK. The role of aortic chemoreceptors during acute anemia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1984;62:519–523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Swanson GD, Whipp BJ, Kaufman RD, Aqleh KA, Winter B, Bellville JW. Effect of hypercapnia on hypoxic ventilatory drive in carotid body-resected man. J Appl Physiol. 1978;45:871–877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Hopf HW, Viele M, Watson JJ, Feiner J, Weiskopf R, Hunt TK, Noorani M, Yeap H, Ho R, Toy P. Subcutaneous perfusion and oxygen during acute severe isovolemic hemodilution in healthy volunteers. Arch Surg. 2000;135:1443–1449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Weiskopf RB, Kramer JH, Viele M, Neumann M, Feiner JR, Watson JJ, Hopf HW, Toy P. Acute severe isovolemic anemia impairs cognitive function and memory in humans. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1646–1652. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Weiskopf RB, Aminoff MJ, Hopf HW, Feiner J, Viele MK, Watson JJ, Ho R, Songster C, Toy P. Acute isovolemic anemia does not impair peripheral or central nerve conduction. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:546–551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Page 2