What is not true statement?

The correct answer is When there is a mixture of set and row values, a field in GROUP BY-clause must be in SELECT-clause

The GROUP BY clause is a SQL statement that groups rows with the same values together. In the SELECT query, the GROUP BY clause is utilized. It may be used in combination with aggregate functions to generate database summary reports. That's exactly what it does: it sums up data from the database.

The GROUP BY statement, for example, "identify the number of consumers in each nation," combines rows with the same values into summary rows. To group the result set by one or more columns, the GROUP BY statement is frequently used with aggregate functions ( COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG() ).

In a WHERE clause or a JOIN condition, aggregate functions aren't allowed. When a SELECT statement has a WHERE clause but no GROUP BY clause, an aggregate function returns a single result for the subset of rows specified by the WHERE clause. Only a sub query of a HAVING clause can utilize an aggregate function in a WHERE clause, and the column name given in the expression is a correlated reference to a group. If more than one column name appears in the phrase, each one must be a connected reference to the same group.

The clause "SELECT" cannot be used without the clause "FROM."

With the aid of certain functions, the SQL GROUP BY Statement is used to group identical data into groups. The GROUP BY clause comes after the WHERE clause in the query.

Step-by-step explanation

Reference

Choi, D., Shin, M. C., Kim, E., & Shin, D. R. (2021). Ryansql: Recursively applying sketch-based slot fillings for complex text-to-sql in cross-domain databases. Computational Linguistics, 47(2), 309-332.

Any statement representing your products or services should be true, accurate and able to be substantiated. There are fines for businesses that mislead consumers. It does not matter whether a false or misleading statement was intentional or not.

It is illegal for a business to make statements that are incorrect or likely to create a false impression. This includes advertisements or statements in any media (print, radio, television, social media and online) or on product packaging, and any statement made by a person representing your business.

For example, your business must not make false or misleading claims about the quality, value, price, age or benefits of goods or services, or any associated guarantee or warranty. Using false testimonials or ‘passing off’ (impersonating another business) is also illegal.

When assessing whether conduct is likely to mislead or deceive, consider whether the overall impression created by the conduct is false or inaccurate.

Businesses can't rely on small print and disclaimers as an excuse for a misleading overall message. For example, an advertisement states that a product is ‘free’ but the fine print indicates some payment must be made.

If your business needs to qualify its advertisements, make sure the qualifying statements are clear and prominent so that consumers know what the real offer is.

Comparative advertising

Comparative advertising may be used to promote the superiority of your products or services over competitors as long as it is accurate. The comparison may relate to factors such as price, quality, range or volume.

Bait advertising

Bait advertising is the illegal practice of advertising specific prices (usually special ‘sale’ prices) on goods that are not available or are available only in very limited quantities (where this limit is not clearly and specifically disclosed).

You should only offer goods or services at a ‘special price’ if they are available in reasonable quantities for a reasonable period, unless you state clearly that the good is in short supply or on sale for a limited time.

Country of origin

It is illegal under the Australian Consumer Law to make false or misleading claims about the country of origin of goods.

See: Country of origin claims

Premium (or credence) claims

Premium claims may suggest a product is safer (‘non-toxic’), offers a moral or social benefit (‘free range eggs’) or a nutritional benefit (‘fat free’). The benefit may also be 'green' or environmental (‘100% recyclable’) or therapeutic (‘the fastest pain reliever’). A premium claim may also promote a product as being of a perceived quality (‘Swiss chocolate’ or ‘Belgian beer’).

Claims that give the impression that a product, or one of its attributes, has some kind of added benefit when compared to similar products and services can be made as long as the claims are not misleading and can be substantiated.

If your business gives away free items or prizes as a promotional activity, you must not mislead your audience about the items on offer or the chances of receiving these items.

If there is a catch (for example, if people must meet certain conditions to claim a prize), you must let people know at the outset.

Contact your local consumer protection agency to check if there are any legal requirements under state/territory laws.

‘Puffery’ is a term used to describe wildly exaggerated or vague claims about a product or service that no one could possibly treat seriously. For example, a restaurant claims they have the ‘best steaks on earth’. These types of statements are not considered misleading.

When presenting information about products or services to customers, be sure to:

• give current and correct information
• use simple language
• check that the overall impression is accurate
• back up claims with facts and documented evidence where appropriate
• note important limitations or exemptions
• correct any misunderstandings
• be prepared to substantiate.

Do not:

• guess the facts
• omit relevant information
• make ambiguous or contradictory statements or use unnecessary jargon
• make promises you cannot keep, or make predictions without reasonable basis
• offer goods or services without a reasonable basis for believing you can deliver them.

Advertising and selling

Country of origin claims and the Australian Consumer Law

Green marketing and the Australian Consumer Law

A guide for egg producers

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Let's look at some examples of statements and non-statements to define the kind of sentences that form statements.

To talk about statements, we’ll start with some examples of statements and non-statements.

Statements

So what makes something a statement?

• Definition: Statements are the kind of sentences that are either true or false.

As such, a statement is an assertion that something is or is not the case. A statement is true if what it asserts is the case, and it is false if what it asserts is not the case.

For instance, the statement “The trains are always late” is only true if what it describes is the case, i.e., if it is actually the case that the trains are always late. This is false in Auckland. Sometimes trains are on time, and sometimes they are early. Someone may impatiently complain that the trains are always late to express their exasperation with the train system, but strictly speaking what they say is false.

It is true that bananas have no bones, and I do like bananas, but I like bananas because they are tasty and healthy, not because they have no bones. I would thus say something false if I said “I like bananas because they have no bones.” That’s why “I like bananas because they have no bones” is a statement. It is the kind of sentence that is either true or false – in this case false.

Non-statements

However, it doesn’t make sense to say that the sentence “Welcome to the University of Auckland!” is either true or false. Wouldn’t you be puzzled if someone answered “true” in response to the greetings? It wouldn’t be an appropriate answer. “How can I stop tailgating?” is a question; the sentence doesn’t express something that is either true or false.

Finally, “When the car ahead reaches an object, make sure you can count to four crocodiles before you reach the same object.” is an advice. It advises you to make sure you can count up to four crocodiles (one crocodile, two crocodiles,…,four crocodiles) before you reach the same object as the car preceding you. Try it! You’ll be a much safer driver (that’s a true statement!).

More about Statements

So sentences that can be true or false are statements. Quite simple. But things can get more complicated. Let’s see how.

Something can be a statement even if we don’t know whether it’s true or false. All that matters about statements is that they are the kind of things that can be true or false, not that we know whether they are true or false. For instance:

• Ivan Slotvsky, the famous Irish builder of Madrid, is eating ham steaks and chutney at this very moment.

True or false? I don’t know. But it is the kind of thing that could be true or false.

Here’s another one:

• Sometime in the next 39 years, I will have a creepy next door neighbour.

So far, so good. I’ve been lucky and I haven’t had a creepy next door neighbour. But the statement is true if it will be the case some day that I have a creepy next door neighbour in the next 39 years. Otherwise, the statement is false. But I don’t know whether the statement is true or false. Regardless, what matters is that this sentence is the kind of thing that is true or false.

Another example:

I have no idea what Vero or Promina are. But the sentence expresses something that is either true or false.

The same statement can be true on some occasions and false in others. That is, statements are not always true or always false.

Here’s an example:

This statement is true of Tim, and it’s false of Patrick. Or the statement

• Patrick is a happily married man.

was false before Patrick got married, it is true now (while I’m typing this), and it may become false in the future.

Ambiguous Statements

One difficulty with statements is that they may sometimes express two different things. We call those ambiguous statements. Here’s an example:

• John greeted everybody with a smile.

What are the two states of affairs that this statement may be describing? Try and answer this for yourself before proceeding.

Answer:

1. John was smiling and then he greeted everybody. In this case, it’s true that he greeted everybody with a smile – his smile.
2. Maybe there were smiling people and non-smiling people, and John only greeted the ones that were smiling.

The sentence “John greeted everybody with a smile” can thus be used to describe two different things. That’s what makes it ambiguous.

You need to be careful about this. If you use ambiguous statements, you run the risk of having others misunderstand what you are saying. In some cases, what others think you are saying may be very different from what you were trying to express. For example, Tim is an early bird. He gets up early every morning, and always before his wife. Now, suppose he tried to express this by saying:

• I beat my wife up everyday.

That would most certainly be taken the wrong way. Try and make sure you don’t use ambiguous sentences!

Questions and Commands

In the second list of non-statements, we had questions and commands, and those are typically not statements.

• If humans evolved from monkeys, how come we still have monkeys?

This question does not express something that can be true or false. It makes no sense to respond “true” or “false” when you hear it. It’s not a statement. Notice that a part of the sentence is a statement, namely “humans evolved from monkeys”. This is a false statement. Humans did not evolve from monkeys. Humans, monkeys, and apes in general, have a common ancestor that is no longer around. Even though the question contains as a part a false statement, it doesn’t make the question itself something that is true or false.

Sometimes, however, in a special context, the same question could be used to express a statement. Can you imagine a context in which someone might use this question to express something that is true or false? If so, then presumably the person would be using the question to express that it is false that humans evolved from monkeys, since there are still monkeys. We call questions that are used to express statements rhetorical questions. When you see a rhetorical question, you should always rephrase it as a statement. In our case, the statement would be something like this:

• Humans did not evolve from monkeys, because we still have monkeys.

In summary, statements are the kind of sentences that are either true or false. Sentences are ambiguous when they can be used to express several statements. When you have an ambiguous sentence, you need to decide which statement it is being used to express. Questions, commands and advice are typically not statements, because they do not express something that is either true or false. But sometimes people use them rhetorically to express statements. We saw an example of a question which by itself is not a statement, but can be used to express a statement. When you see rhetorical questions, always rephrase them as statements.