4-The similarities between the phenomenological and grounded theory is they both are based on philosophical orientation, and this orientation will affect the expected outcome of the research. The phenomenological and grounded theory both involve social aspect and are completely based on subject, or both are subjective (Grove, Gary, & Burns, 2015).
The difference is the aim of phenomenological research is to provide description of the real experience. It is usually in written or narrated form described by the researcher. In grounded theory mostly, outcomes are provided by researcher in form of diagram or in comparison with another concept. Phenomenological research deals with real people, real events, subject and their experiences and develops a concept and philosophical and narration based on it whereas grounded theory is more straight forward (Grove, Gary, & Burns, 2015).
References:
Grove, S. K., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
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5-Grounded theory is a research method that will enable you to develop a theory which offers and explanation about the main concern of the population of your substantive area and how that concern is resolved or processed (Scott,2009). Phenomenology is based on the premise that reality consists of objects and events (“phenomena”) as they are perceived or understood in the human consciousness, and not of anything independent of human consciousness (Branch, n.d).
Both grounded and phenomenology investigates real life situations, they are usually done through interviews and observations, they also evaluate data from the respondents view and try to make sure that the findings are not influenced by preconceived ideas. Exploration of the individuals experience according to the world they live in is common for both groups.
However, differences exist between these groups. While phenomenology is a product of philosophy, grounded theory is a product of sociology. Phenomenology seeks to explore subjective understandings of ones own experiences and although grounded theory looks at experiences it includes as many other data sources as possible to develop a more objective understanding of the subject of the study.
References
January, 2. 3. (n.d.). What is the difference between grounded theory and phenomenology? Retrieved from //www.nursingtimes.net/roles/nurse-educators/what-is-the-difference-between-grounded-theory-and-phenomenology/5024881.article
Scott, H. (2009, November). Retrieved November 20, 2018, from //www.groundedtheoryonline.com/what-is-grounded-theory/
Phenomenology. (n.d.). Retrieved from //www.philosophybasics.com/branch_phenomenology.html
6-Grounded theory attempts to explain why events take place. A large group is usually analyzed in their unique settings, and it explores the reasons why certain behaviors occur within a group of people. An example of this would be observing a large portion of mothers in order to understand how they function in the kitchen to prepare their child’s food (Charmaz & McMullen, 2011). Ethnographic research is a type of research in which the behaviors of the participants are observed in order to ascertain their unique needs. An example of this would be to have a study in which a product was provided to a consumer, and they are observed using that product. The observer immerses themselves in the experience rather
than focusing solely on a hypothesis (Anderson, 2009).
The two forms of research both go into the study with the intent of observation rather than attempting to prove a specific hypothesis. Grounded theory focuses more on the reasoning behind certain actions, while ethnographic research functions more along the lines of a needs assessment. Using these two forms of research together might involve beginning with grounded theory to see what issues might come up within a certain population, and then using an ethnographic research study to determine whether or not the proposed solutions that were created as a result of the grounded theory research are going to be effective in solving the problem. The subtle differences in the research can work together to find the
strongest solution to a problem that a community might be facing.
References
Anderson, K. (2009, March). Ethnographic research: A key to strategy. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved
from //hbr.org/2009/03/ethnographic-research-a-key-to-strategy
Charmaz, K., & McMullen, L. M. (2011). Five ways of doing qualitative analysis: Phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis,
narrative research, and intuitive inquiry. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
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Research Designs
Phenomenological
Non-experimental, qualitative, descriptive
Ethnographic
Non-experimental, qualitative, descriptive
Research Problems
Phenomenological
- focused on what is essential for the meaning of the event, episode, or interaction.
- focused on understanding the participants voice.
- Usually a single central question.
- Subquestions are used to orient the researcher in collecting data and framing the results
Ethnographic
Foreshadowed questions start general and are subject to change during the study.
Participant selection
Phenomenological
Participants are selected because they have lived the experiences being investigated, are willing to share and can articulate their thoughts. They are often all from the same site.
Ethnographic
Purposeful sampling: used to select individuals who will be most informative. (not intended to be representative of a larger population).
Data collection
Phenomenological
Interviews:
- Personal
- in-depth
- Semi-structured or unstructured.
- Typically long
- Conducted by a skilled interviewer
- almost always tape recorded
Ethnographic
- Observations: lots of time in the setting.
- Participant observing: there is a continuum of participation and involvement.
- Take field notes.
- Interviews (key informant, life-history, & focus group)
- document analysis
Data analysis
Phenomenological
Analysis begins with the researcher’s experiences with the phenomenon. Next, the researcher identifies statements in the interviews that show the phenomenon. Units are formed from the statements, and finally, an overall description of the meaning of the experience is constructed.
Ethnographic
- Analysis starts during data collection. The goal is to find patterns, ideas, explanations, and understandings.
- Organize and create codes.
- Summarize and make categories.
- Then researcher looks for relationships among the categories and patterns.
- Researcher interprets the findings inductively, synthesizes the information, & draws inferences.
The comparison and contrast between phenomenological and ethnographic study research are numerous. For instance phenomenological study research seeks to understand perspective of the participants, lived experiences and the subjective. This kind of research is described as individualistic and enables the researchers to collect information about individuals’ unique experience(Goulding, 2004). In the other hand, ethnographic research seeks to understand the collectivistic experiences within a certain culture. Normally, ethnographic research is performed through a process of observation where a group of people are observed over an extended period of time, while documenting and interpreting their procession. This paper seeks to compare and contrast ethnography research to phenomenological study research.
Research design
In the case of ethnography, the researcher uses observation method to seek to understand common and shared experiences specific to a population within a culture over an extend period of time. The research is design to allow the researcher to live in the midst of the culture in order to immensely observe the environment under study(Goulding, 2004). The observers should not abandon and lose their sociological and marble inquiry by getting assimilated into the culture. In contrast, phenomenological research is founded on the view that there are numerous means of interpreting the same experience. This is how an individual perceives events in the surrounding, notwithstanding how biased their perception may be, that is their reality.
Research problem
When the study research is conducted using ethnography, the research problem is formulated in two different ways. The foreshadowed problem is the first approach where a researcher provide a general framework to start research using why, how or how questions(Goulding, 2004). The research problem must indicate the participants of the study and following what setting. The second approach involves asking specific question arising from a connectedness between the problem and the data.
In the case of phenomenological study research, the questions emphasize on understanding the meaning of individuals experiences and the roles of the researcher in the process. These questions focuses on descriptive aspects of the research, similar to ethnographic questions, they do not reflect researchers bias. Also, phenomenological questions provide a clear indication of who participants are and in what context.
Selection of participants
Ethnographic uses purposeful sampling technique to select the participants based on the extensive experience about the specific topic. The participants can be selected through sampling by case, snowballing and maximum variations(Goulding, 2004). Phenomenological research select the participant who have lived and currently living in the culture under study. It is important for the researcher to determine the willingness of the participant to share the experience and discuss them in a purposeful way.
Data collection
Ethnographic research collect data through observation method by establishing a continuous and long-term relationship with the participants. Also, interviews are the most commonly used data collection tool in the ethnographic research since it provides the participants the opportunity to express their opinion and provide any necessary clarity(Goulding, 2004). Phenomenological research mostly relies on the one on one interviewing. Similar to ethnographic, the researcher is required to develop a positive rapport with the participants in order to provide in-depth feedback.
Data analysis
Ethnographic research follows three stages of data analysis. The first process is coding the information, the second stage is summarization of the coded data and lastly is pattern seeking and synthesizing identifies in order to ascertain relationships(Goulding, 2004). In the other hand, phenomenological research perform data analysis starting with the experience of the researcher on the subject matter. The researcher must provide direct quotes from the participants in order to support their sentiments.
The ethnographic research is practical for a large study because the researcher is required to observe a population within a culture, while phenomenological research is practical for small study.
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