Ways to overcome barriers to sports participation weather conditions travel or vacation

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Effects of the seasons or objectively measured weather on physical activity.

Location and population	Weather- or season-related variables	Method of physical activity measurement	Year of data collection	Citation*
Massachusetts, USA; adults, n = 580	Weather: Mean daily temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, total daily precipitation, average cloud cover during daylight hours	Accelerometer (total physical activity) and 24-h recall questionnaire (leisure-time physical activity)	1994–1998	Matthews et al., 2001 [26]
France; children, n = 83	Seasons: spring versus autumn	Whole body indirect calorimetry (total activity in 24 hours)	Not stated	Bitar et al., 1999 [27]
Vermont and Alabama, USA and Guatemala City, Guatemala; children, n = 232	Seasons: spring, summer, autumn	Doubly labeled water (total, resting and activity-related energy expenditure)	Not stated	Goren et al., 1998 [28]
Scotland, U.K.; men, n=10	Seasons: summer versus winter	Indirect calorimetry (activity-related energy expenditure)	Not stated	Haggarty et al., [29]
Maastricht, Netherlands; adults, n = 25	Seasons: summer versus winter	Doubly labeled water (total energy expenditure) and respiration chamber (sleeping metabolic rate) – deduced physical activity level and activity related energy expenditure	Not stated	Plasqui and Westerterp, 2004 [30]
Netherlands; adults, n = 134	Seasons	Accelerometer (total activity during waking hours)	Not stated	den Hoed et al., 2008 [31]
United Kingdom; adults, n = 96	Seasons: summer versus winter	Pedometer (total activity)	2005–2006	Hamilton et al., 2008 [32]
South Carolina and Tennessee, USA; adults, n = 23	Seasons: summer, autumn, winter, spring	Pedometer (total activity during waking hours)	Not stated	Tudor-Locke et al., 2004 [33]
Pennsylvania, USA; women, n = 508	Seasons: summer, autumn, winter, spring	Pedometer (total activity during waking hours)	2002–2004	Newman et al., 2009 [34]
Cyprus; children, n = 256	Seasons: summer versus winter	Pedometer (total activity)	Not stated	Loucaides et al., 2004 [35]
Scotland, United Kingdom; children, n = 209	Seasons: summer, autumn, winter, spring	Accelerometer (total activity during waking hours subdivided by intensity categories)	2001–2002	Fisher et al., 2005 [36]
Southern USA; children, n = 401	Seasons: winter versus spring	Pedometer (total activity during waking hours)	2005	Beighle et al., 2008 [37]
Massachusetts, USA; children, n = 35	Seasons: autumn, winter, spring	Pedometer (total activity)	2004–2005	Vadiveloo et al., 2009 [38]
Melbourne, Australia; children, n = 540	Seasons: spring versus summer	Accelerometer (total activity subdivided by intensity categories)	2001 and 2004	Cleland et al., 2008 [39]
England, U.K.; children, n = 5595	Seasons: summer, autumn, winter, spring	Accelerometer (total activity subdivided by intensity categories)	2003–2005	Riddoch et al., 2007 [40]
Minnesota, USA; children, n = 24	Seasons: summer versus school year	Accelerometer (school day activity or total activity during waking hours)	Not stated	Lanningham-Foster et al., 2009 [41]
North Carolina and Mississippi, USA; adults, n = 1482	Weather: hourly observations of temperature, dew point, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, precipitation; calculated wind chill, heat index in daytime hours. Data used to create a daily “weather score”.	Self-reported leisure-time physical activity	2002–2003	McGinn et al., 2007 [6]
Indiana, USA; women, n = 110	Weather: hourly assessment of presence and intensity of sunshine, rain, snow, fog, hail, freezing rain, blowing snow, temperature, atmospheric pressure on the day of the exercise class. Data used to create heat index and wind chill.	Attendance at an exercise class	Not stated	Tu et al., 2004 [42]
Quebec, Canada; children, n = 1293	Seasons: summer, autumn, winter, spring Weather: daily mean temperature, total rainfall, total snowfall, ground accumulation of snow	7-day recall survey of leisure time physical activity	1999–2004	Bélanger et al., 2009 [43]
Nakanojo, Japan; adults, n = 41	Weather: daily mean temperature and wind speed, total sunshine, total precipitation, relative humidity	Pedometer (total activity)	2001–2002	Togo et al., 2005 [44]
Prince Edward Island, Canada; adults, n = 177	Weather: daily mean temperature, daily maximum wind speed, total rainfall, total snowfall, ground accumulation of snow	Pedometer (total activity during waking hours)	2002–2003	Chan et al., 2006 [45]
Auckland, New Zealand; children, n = 1115	Weather: daily mean temperature, total rainfall, mean wind speed, hours of bright sunshine	Pedometer (total activity during waking hours)	2004	Duncan et al., 2008 [46]
Ohio, USA; children and adults	Weather: hourly precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, temperature, dew point	Direct observation at specific locations (residential streets/sidewalks, school transportation routes, outdoor oval tracks)	Not stated	Suminski et al., 2008 [47]
Indiana, USA; children and adults	Weather: expressed as deviations from average temperature, precipitation, snowfall, sunshine	Infra-red monitors on greenway trails	2001–2005	Lindsey et al., 2006 [48]

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