How does obesity affect the cardiovascular system

Obesity Can Compromise Your Heart’s Ability to Function

Research shows that obesity can raise your risk of developing atrial fibrillation, a rapid irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) of the upper chambers (atria) of the heart that can promote the formation of blood clots and lead to stroke, heart failure, or other heart-related complications, according to the American Heart Association. In addition, obesity can lead to enlargement of the heart, which could be from untreated hypertension, Dr. Goldberg says.

Those Extra Pounds Force Your Heart to Work Harder

Yes, the extra weight you’re carrying does put the heart under increased stress, in particular during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle — what’s called the diastole. As the heart fills with blood, there’s higher pressure, Goldberg explains. “Over time, that can cause people to have heart failure symptoms.”

It’s not just the number on the scale that matters. Where the extra weight is distributed also affects your risk of developing heart disease. Simply put, greater amounts of belly fat — what’s often called central or abdominal obesity — is associated with greater inflammation, which is damaging to your heart, Goldberg says. Excess belly fat also increases triglyceride levels, which can contribute to plaque rupturing, Stevens notes. That’s why your waist measurement really does matter, in addition to your overall weight.

Taking Action to Protect Your Heart 

The news isn’t entirely bad, though. If you’re overweight or obese, slimming down can help you reduce your risk of developing heart disease. “When people lose as little as 5 pounds, we can start to see improvements in blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and inflammatory factors,” Goldberg says. All of these changes are beneficial for your heart.

Indeed, losing excess weight helps with primary prevention of heart disease, as well as secondary prevention (preventing another heart attack or other cardiac event if you’ve already had one), Goldberg says. For secondary prevention, she adds, “you’ll need to take medicine, but maybe less of it if you lose weight.”

It’s not an easy process, Goldberg admits, but the best ways to lose weight are to improve your diet and exercise habits with the goal of losing 1 pound per week. Keep in mind: “If your BMI is in the higher range, it’s safer to go into a medically supervised weight loss program than to try to do it on your own,” Goldberg says.

If you’re doing it on your own, stick with a diet that’s filled with fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, fatty fish and skinless poultry, nuts and legumes, and healthy cooking oils, such as olive, walnut, sesame, or grapeseed oils. Avoid added sugars, highly processed foods, and fried foods. On the exercise front, do a combination of “aerobic exercise and weight training to increase your muscle mass and decrease body fat,” Goldberg suggests.

There’s proof that taking these steps can make a difference to your heart health. A study found that adults ages 18 to 35 with BMI between 25 and 40 who participated in a weight-loss program lost an average of 17.5 pounds, increased their levels of physical activity, and improved their total cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels after six months. “Losing weight will reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease significantly — because it makes a difference in blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and triglyceride levels,” Stevens says. “The great news is, what you do every day can make a difference.”

RELATED: Exercise Plan for Diabetes and Heart Health

1/04/2015

If you’ve ever tried to lose even a few pounds, you know it can be hard, frustrating work. However, losing weight is about so much more than fitting into your favorite pair of jeans again. Being overweight contributes to cardiovascular diseases that cause heart attack and stroke as well as diabetes. Reaching and maintaining a healthy weight will increase your odds of a heart-healthy future.

How Much Weight Is Too Much?

You will often hear two categories described for being above a healthy weight: overweight and obese. These categories are defined based on a number called body mass index (BMI). The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute provides a simple BMI calculator here, where you can input your height and weight and find out your BMI. A BMI of 25–29.9 is classified as overweight, and 30 or above indicates obesity.

BMI is an estimating tool-it does not measure your actual percentage of body fat. Therefore, some people with a lot of muscle (which weighs more than fat) may be incorrectly identified as overweight or obese. Other methods of measuring body fat are also available.

Overweight Versus Obese: Does It Make a Difference?

If your body weight falls within the obese range, you will need to lose weight to reduce your risk of cardiovascular diseases. Losing even 5–10 percent of your body weight can improve blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. Your heart and entire cardiovascular system will benefit, as will other systems throughout your body. Obesity isn’t just a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases; it also increases the risk of cancers such as breast, colon, and thyroid cancer, among others.

If your BMI puts you in the overweight range, your doctor will evaluate you on an individual basis. Where do you carry most of your weight? A large waist measurement, or “pear-shaped” body, is considered a greater risk factor than carrying weight elsewhere in your body. How are your cholesterol and triglyceride levels? Do you smoke? Do you have high blood pressure? Diabetes? If you are otherwise healthy, being overweight (but not obese) may not put you at significant cardiovascular risk. Your physician can advise you as to whether your weight is a concern for your heart health, based on your other risk factors.

When It’s Time to Drop the Pounds

If losing weight and keeping it off were easy, overweight and obesity rates in the United States would be lower. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 out of 10 adults over age 20 are overweight or obese. However, it is possible to lose and maintain weight, and there are many resources and treatment options available.

• Start by looking at weight loss in manageable terms. For example, if you are overweight or obese, discuss your weight loss goals with your physician. You could set an initial goal of losing 5 percent of your body weight and see if it has an effect on your blood pressure, cholesterol, or blood glucose levels.
• Seek help from professionals and groups: your healthcare providers, a personal trainer, a dietitian, support groups and others. You can work with these professionals in their work environments, and they can also give you recommendations for what you can change at home.
• Strive to reduce your portion sizes at meals and overall intake of calories. If you eat even a little bit less than you typically would every day, you should begin to lose weight. Measure some of the foods you commonly eat to see what a serving size really looks like. Is a single ½ cup serving of ice cream what you expected?
• Find forms of exercise that you enjoy. You don’t have to begin by training for a marathon. Walk with a friend in the mornings, evenings or during a lunch break at work. Sign up for an aerobics or aquatics class with a friend or form friendships in the class. Having a group of people that you will feel “accountable” to can make it easier to go to class on days you’d rather stay home. Go for bike rides with your family on the weekend. You may be motivated to stick with it by thinking about how your whole family will benefit.
• If lifestyle changes are not enough, your physician may recommend prescription weight-loss medications. These can help you lose enough weight to lower your risks for cardiovascular and other diseases. However, they are not a long-term weight-management solution, and they do not eliminate the need to make lifelong dietary and physical activity changes.
• If obesity presents substantial health risks, your physician may recommend gastric bypass surgery or another form of bariatric surgery to change how your stomach and small intestine handle food. Emerging research seems to indicate that gastric bypass surgery, in addition to leading to weight loss, can improve or reverse Type 2 diabetes in some patients.

Questions to Ask Your Healthcare Provider

• Is my weight healthy for me?
• Is my weight now a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes?
• What lifestyle changes do I need to make to manage my weight?
• What resources are available to me to help me make heart-healthy lifestyle changes?
• Do I need medications or gastric bypass surgery in addition to lifestyle changes to control my weight and reduce my risk of a serious cardiovascular event?

Learn More

Lifestyle changes will always be at the heart of a weight-loss plan. The same lifestyle changes that will help you lose weight are good for your heart. Visit SecondsCount’s Nutrition, Diet & Your Heart center for more about a heart-healthy diet. To learn more about building good exercise habits, visit the center on Physical Activity, Exercise & Your Heart.

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